Bio final exam review set

What describes the difference between Mitosis and Meiosis

Meiosis makes 4 cells that are different from each other, Mitosis makes 2 identical cells

After tetrads are formed during Meiosis I, what happens to the chromosmes?

Crossing over takes place between the homologous chromosomes

How many individual chromosomes do adult humans have?

46

Different organisms have different number of chromosomes. It turns out that goldfish have 94 total chromosomes. How many chromosomes would

What is NOT a type of gamete

fetus

hat is the purpose of crossing over?

to increase the amount of genetic variety in the offspring

What is a tetrad

Homologous chromosomes and their exact copies create a 4-chromatid structure

An ovum is?

A female sex cell, an egg, and a gamete

What accurately describes sister chromatids

Two chromosomes that are identical, formed during DNA replication

Wha tis nondisjunction

A process where the chromosomes do not separate properly in meiosis

What phase does the nuclear membrane dissolve

Prophase

What phase do two nuclear membranes reform around two identical nuclei

Telophase

What phase are sister chromatids are pulled part by the spindle fibers

Anaphase

What phase are sister chromatids line up in the middle of the cell with help from the spindle fibers

Metaphase

What phase has chromatin condensed into chromosomes to begin mitosis

Prophase

What is the longest phase of a cell’s life cycle

Interphase

Which is NOT one of the things that occurs during interphase

Sister chromatids are separated

As humans grow from a child to an adult the number of cells the human has

INCREASES

Mitosis can be triggered by all of the following EXCCEPT

To make sex cells (sperm and egg) for repdocution purposes

What is true about cytokinesis

A cell’s cytoplasm divides completed into two daughter cells

In which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur

S

What is the corect order of the phases in the cell cycle

G1, S, G2, M

In cancer, cells experience uncontrolled division. Which phase in the cell cycle would a cancerous cell most likely be in?

M phase

What is the correct order of phases in the mitosis process?

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

What type of cells result from Mitosis

Small intestine cells, skin cells, liver cells

Which would NOT be true of a RNA molecule

Shaped like a double helix

What is NOT made of nucleotides

Proteins

What molecule goes with contains an anticodon

tRNAW

What molecule goes for does not code for anything, just makes up the structure of a ribosome

rRNA

What molecule goes with contains many codons

mRNA

What molecule goes with carrying an amino acid to the ribosome

tRNA

T or F Translation occurs in the cytoplasm with the mRNA, tRNA, and ribosomes

True

T or F Dna often leaves the nucleus to give the ribosomes instructions

False

True or false by the end of Transcription a protein is made

False

What is the universal start codon

AUG

What amino acid does the mRNA GAU code for

Aspartic ACID

What does DNA stand for?

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

Which two molecules below pair together

Adenine and Thymine

What is the best description of the function of DNA

It stores and trasmits genetic infromation

Where can you find DNA in the cell?

Nucleus

Purines and Pyrmidines are two types of?

Nitrogen bases

Which two molecules below are classified as pyrmidines

Thymine and Cytosine

The structure of DNA is described by many as a

Double Helix

What are the 3 parts of a nucleotide?

Phosphate, Deoxyrbiose and Nitrogen Base

What is the function of DNA polymerase

to match complementary nucleotides to one side of a DNA molecule

In DNA replication, what nitrogen bases would be matched with ACCTT ACCTTT, TGGAAA, CAAGGG OR GTTCCC

TGGAAA

Dna replication is considered semi-conservative because?

One strand of the originial DNA is part of the new double helix

This scientist took X-ray crystallography pictures of DNA, but never recieved credit for their work while they were alive

Rosalind Franklin

This scientist was a chemist that discovered that the amount of A in DNA is always that same at the amount of T. The same was true for G and C

Erwin ChargaffT

The discovery that DNA is a double helix was initially credited to which of the following scientists?

James Watson and Francis Crick

What type of bonds hold the complementary base pairs together in a DNA molecule

Hydrogen Bonds

What macromolecule is DNA

Nucleic Acid

Which two molecules pair together

Adenine and Thymine

What is the best description of the function of DNA

it stores and transmits genetic information

Where does DNA replication occur in the cell

Nucleus

RNA does not contain what?

Thymine

What would NOT be true of an RNA molecule

Double Helix

What is the best definition for a gene?

Genes are sections of DNA that code for a protein

Where does “DNA contains the instructions for life” mean? What is the link between DNA and your body traits?

Sequences of DNA code for proteins. Proteins compose all of the physical traits of the body, such as hair, skin color and enzymes

The process of using a DNA moelcule to make a complementary strand of RNA is called?

Transcription

T or F Protein synthesis is the process of transcription followed by translation

True

T or F Translation happens in the nucleus wen tRNA reads the mRNA and translates its nucleotides into amino acids

FalseT

T or F : Dna replication, transcription, and translation all use some form of polymerase

False

What is a codon and what is the universal start codon

A sequence of 3 nucleotides that codes for an amino acid, AUG

A scientist puts nucleotides chains of UUUUUU in a test tube under conditions allowing protein synthesis. Soon the test tube is full of protein chains compoesd of only the amino acid phenylalanine. What does this experiment indicate?

UUU codes for the amino acid phenylalanine

“Nucleotides are made mainly of amino acids “ says Jack. “No , the bases in nucleotides, like guanine determine the amino acids” says Jill. Who is correct

Jill

As you learned, there are many redundant (extra) codes for each amino acid. According to the chart, how many different DNA codes are there for the amino valine?

4

What applies to a mutation?

Mutations can be random, mutations occur in DNA, mutations do not always affect an organism

Will a substitution always affect the amino acid sequence of a protein?

Yes, because a point mutation changes the codon and there is only one codon for each amino acid

What kind of mutation is present

Original DNA: CTG ATC GTA

Mutated DNA: CTG ACG TAG

Frameshft mutation, inertion, deletion or 1 and 2?

1 and 2

Why aren’t all mutations harmful

all of the above

What would be the main problem if codons were only made of two bases instead of 3?

The bases would not combine in enough ways to specify for all 20 different amino acids

What type of dominance is a black cat and a white cat have kittens and the kittens are all gray.

Incomplete

What type of dominance is if a black cat and a white cat have kittnes and the kittens are all black

Regular Dominance

What type of dominance is a black cat and a white cat have kittens and all the kittens are all black and white spotted

Co-dominance

T or F A dominant allele covers up the effect of the recessive allele

TrueT

T or F. Individuals must show a trait in their phenotype in order for it to appear in their offspring

FalseT o

T or F The allele for a recessive trait is usually represented by a capital letter

False

T or F Heterozygous individuals have two of the same allele for a particular gene

False

T or F A parent’s alleles separate from one another during the formation of their gametes

TrueT

T or F. In codominance, two equally dominant alleles are expressed at the same time

True

T or F in humans, the chromosomes passed down from the mother determine the sex of the offspring

False

T or F. A polygenic trait is a trait that is coded for by more than one gene

TrueT

T or F. Sex-linked traits are coded for on the autosomes

False

What is true about the phenotype of an organism?

It is the physical representation of a trait

If an individual receives two recessive alleles for the same trait, that individual is said to be?

Homozygous and Heterozygous for that trait

A genetic trait that shows in every individual who inhreits the allele is called

Dominant

Tallness (T) is dominant to shortness (t) in pea plants. Which of the following represents a genotype of a pea plant that is heterozygous or tallness?

Tt

Gregor MEndel used pea plants to study what?

Inheritance of Traits

DIfferent versions of the same gene are called?

Alleles

What is the probability that the offspring of a homozygous dominant individual and a homozygous recessive individual will show the dominant phenotype?

100%

A diagram in which several generations of a family and the occurence of a certain genetic trait are showed is called a ?

Pedigree

Which trait has multiple alleles (more than just two) in humans

Blood type

A punnet square shows all of the following EXCEPT

the actual results of a genetic cross

A cross of a red cow (RR) and a white bull (WW) produces all roan offspring (RW). The baby cows have both red and white fur. This type of inhertiance is known as?

Co-dominance

What is NOT caused by polygenic inheritance

Human hairline shape

Color Blindness is X-linked recessive. If a colorblind male and a carrier female have a son, what is the probability that he will be colorblind?

50%

In a pedigree, a circle represents a?

Female