Chapter 12: Nonrenewable Energy

A set of vocabulary flashcards summarizing key concepts from Chapter 12 on Nonrenewable Energy.

Nonrenewable Energy

Energy resources that exist in a fixed amount and cannot be easily replaced.

Renewable Energy

Energy resources that can be replenished naturally, at or near the rate of consumption.

Energy Efficiency

The ratio of useful energy to total energy in a system.

Fossil Fuel Formation

Coal is formed from dead plant matter under heat and pressure in anaerobic conditions; petroleum and natural gas are formed from sea life under similar conditions.

Major Emissions from Fossil Fuels

Includes carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur dioxide (SO₂), particulates (PM10 and PM2.5), and mercury.

Coal Mining Advantages

Energy-dense and relatively inexpensive.

Coal Mining Disadvantages

Contains impurities and trace metals, produces ash.

Hydraulic Fracturing (Fracking)

A method to extract natural gas that can contribute to methane leaks and greenhouse effects.

Electricity Generation Efficiency

Depends on the number of energy transformations and capacity of power plants.

Combined Cycle Power Generation

A method that uses waste gases for additional energy generation, achieving approximately 60% efficiency.

Nuclear Fission

A nuclear reaction where a large nucleus splits, releasing energy and smaller particles.

Nuclear Power Plant Components

Includes reactor vessel, nuclear fuel, moderator, control rods, and containment structure.

Radioactive Waste Types

High-level waste consists of used fuel rods, while low-level waste includes contaminated clothing and tools.

Nuclear Accidents

Significant incidents include Three Mile Island, Chernobyl, and Fukushima, impacting public perception and safety.