lesson 8: gender discrimination and inequalities

gender discrimination

refers to the unfair treatment or prejudice faced by individuals based on their gender. It is any unequal treatment, including privilege and priority, on the basis of gender.

gender discrimination

Example of what? : Limiting the selection of colors a person is allowed to wear. Back then, we thought that wearing pink clothes is solely for girls and wearing blue colored clothes is only for boys. This happens because we are conforming to the traditional norms associated with gender, such as specific clothing colors.

gender equality

a social and political issue of our time. It is a fundamental human right and that right is violated by gender-based discrimination.

gender equality

This contemporary issue is essential to achieve peaceful societies, with full human potential and sustainable development. Moreover, it has been shown that empowering women spurs productivity and economic growth.

gender inequality

refers to the unequal treatment and opportunities experienced by individuals based on their gender.

gender stereotypes and societal expectations

_______ and_______ regarding gender and sexual orientation are a part of the social milieu of children and adolescents

denial of equity and justice

In addition, gender stereotypes and societal expectations regarding gender and sexual orientation are a part of the social milieu of children and adolescents (Horn, 2006) often leading to ____________ for young people who do not adhere to these expectations.

UNICEF

As per ___________ gender inequality permeates all levels: it is present in personal, family and social relationships, but also in institutions and in public policies, and affects not only women and girls, but also men and boys.

gender inequality

As per UNICEF (n.d.), ________ permeates all levels: it is present in personal, family and social relationships, but also in institutions and in public policies, and affects not only women and girls, but also men and boys.

gender equality

In order to achieve significant changes in__________ , it is necessary to increase awareness to strengthen the knowledge and promote a change in behavior through having an adequate information, as well as to promote public policies that transform power dynamics and unequal gender relations, so that all individuals have freedom, and support to make decisions about their own lives and act to make them happen.

symbiotic

marianismo and machismo are ______

machismo

men are taught to be powerful figures in society and in their homes. In addition, their worth is ascribed to how well they play into this gender role.

marianismo

women are taught that their worth is determined by how well they play into their own Marianismo gender role.

machismo

Men have a strong sense of masculine pride, an exaggerated masculinity; emphasizes male dominance, strength, and control.

marianismo

Women are seen as homemakers. They are to be wives and mothers who cook, clean the house, and take care of the children.

machismo

Often promoting the idea that men should be the primary breadwinners, superior, and decision-makers.

marianismo

It is based on the idealization of women as self-sacrificing, nurturing figures, often associated with purity and moral strength.

machismo

Dominance is seen as an admirable trait. This can lead to attitudes that reinforce gender inequality, viewing women as subordinate or dependent.

marianismo

Submission, devotion to family, and maintaining cultural traditions are the values traits. However, it also limits their independence and supports traditional gender roles.

machismo

• It is a cultural belief that values male authority.

• It affects many areas of life, including family roles, work settings, and social interactions.

• This kind of mindset often leads to gender inequalities, where men are expected to be the main providers and protectors, while women are pushed into less prominent roles.

machismo

usually used and defined with a negative connotation; additionally, according to the Collins Dictionary (2019), it is originated from Mexican Spanish; from Spanish, “macho” as ‘male’ and from Latin “masculus” masculine.

mexican spanish

machismo is originated from

macho

machismo - spanish which ______ as male

masculus

machismo from ______ or masculine

• murder of women

• aggressive behavior

how machismo contributes to a violent society

femicides

In the last 20 years, the number of reported _________ in Latin America has increased dramatically.

murder of women

In the last 20 years, the number of reported femicides in Latin America has increased dramatically. In 2020, Brazil "registered a total of 1,738 murder cases that were classified as femicides," the most gender-based violent deaths in the region. In Mexico (that same year), 948 women were killed in a femicide.

aggressive behavior

In foreign communities, aggression, as a trademark of Machismo, can be deadly for anyone who is not a cis-hetero male in Latin American and in the United States if and where Machismo is upheld.

marianismo

It is a behavior pattern in which the traditional Latin female perceives

herself as morally and spiritually superior to the man in direct proportion to his sexual behavior

marianismo

It focuses on traditional female roles, this role highlighting qualities like moral strength of a woman, and home responsibilities.

marianismo

While women are often admired for their dedication and strength within the family, these expectations would limit their opportunities for personal and professional growth, keeping them in certain traditional roles.

marianismo

a popular term that implies an idealized view of femininity based on the image of Mary, the Virgin Mother, connotes passivity and submissiveness and the appearance of a virgin-like model for women.

Sotelo (2023)

_________ stated that in the concept of Marianismo, an ideal Latina should be; subordinate, pure, a good wife, a good mother, virtuous, humble, quiet and not speaking her opinions, devoutly spiritual.

Marianismo

Sotelo (2023) stated that in the concept of _________, an ideal Latina should be; subordinate, pure, a good wife, a good mother, virtuous, humble, quiet and not speaking her opinions, devoutly spiritual.

• self-denial

• maintaining their virginity for marriage

• subjugation to the men in their lives

• sacrificing for their children

• endurance of suffering from their husbands

• putting the needs of others first

Tenets of Marianismo are characterized by Latinas' beliefs and behaviors such as :

Tenets of Marianismo are characterized by Latinas' beliefs and behaviors such as :

• self-denial

• maintaining their virginity for marriage

• subjugation to the men in their lives

• sacrificing for their children

• endurance of suffering from their husbands

• putting the needs of others first

• familismo

• respeto

• simpatica

three main concepts of marianismo

familismo

A woman should be a good mother or possess the qualities of becoming a good mother. She must care for the kids and her husband above all else.

respeto

A woman should not be sexual and should remain a virgin until she is to have children. Even when she becomes sexually active, she should not crave sex or have sexual desires. Sex is reserved for male pleasure and making babies only.

simpatica

A woman should be self-sacrificing. She should not engage in conflict and if a conflict arises, she should remain quiet and not voice her opinion.

gender- based violence

Women are conditioned to be passive and self-sacrificing, not empowered. As a result, they are more likely to be victims of gender-based violence. Femicide, or the murder of women because they are women, is widespread throughout Latin America.

sexism

It can be a belief that one sex is superior to or more valuable than another sex. It imposes limits on what men and boys can and should do and what women and girls can and should do. It is prejudice or discrimination based on one's sex or gender.

misogyny

typically exhibited by men. It is generally accepted that misogyny is a consequence of patriarchy (male-dominated society), and the term may be applied to certain individuals as well as larger systems, societies, or cultures.

• violence against women

• unequal treatment of women differently from men in social and professional setting

• threatening, aggressive or intimidating behavior

• seeking to control women’s behavior

• femicide or killing of women and other transwomen because of their gender

examples of misogyny :

examples of misogyny

• violence against women

• unequal treatment of women differently from men in social and professional setting

• threatening, aggressive or intimidating behavior

• seeking to control women’s behavior

• femicide or killing of women and other transwomen because of their gender

violence against women

The term violence against women means any act of gender-based violence that results in, or is likely to result in, physical, sexual or psychological harm or suffering to women, including threats of such acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether occurring in public or private life.

Unequal Treatment of Women Differently from Men in Social and Professional Settings

Discriminating against women like, a woman is not offered a job that she is qualified for because she is a woman, or it is assumed that a woman can’t do something because she is a woman.

Threatening, Aggressive, or Intimidating Behaviour.

Using intimidating or humiliating behaviour to destroy a woman’s self-confidence and undermine her.

seeking to control women’s behavior

Pursuing unwanted sexual comments or advances, including catcalling, stalking, staring, touching, taking pictures without consent, exposure to sexual assault and rape.

Femicide or Killing of Women and other Transwoman Because of Their Gender

Which can take the form of the killing of a woman by an intimate partner and the death of a woman as a result of a practice that is harmful to women.

misandry

the act of hating and showing prejudice towards men, something that has stemmed not as a belief, but a reaction to misogyny.

misandry

Based on Elena, P. (2018), the spread of feminist views led to the emergence of such a phenomenon in society as ‘___________’, which is the presence of negative attitudes toward men. As a result, men feel oppressed and disadvantaged about their position in society, which creates new gender conflicts and problems in the social structure of society.

misandrist

a woman who hates men or believes that women are better than men. This term used to describe an individual who holds and expresses strong, often deep-seated, negative attitudes and beliefs about men or males and exhibits a strong bias or prejudice against them based solely on their gender.

• social settings

• workplace bias

• education

examples of misandry

misandry at social setting

At a gathering, a woman makes derogatory jokes about men, implying that they are all inept or lazy, reinforcing negative stereotypes.

misandry - workplace bias

A hiring manager considers only female candidates for leadership positions, believing that men are inherently less capable.

misandry - education

In a classroom, a teacher regularly ignores the input of boys, believing they are less perceptive or too disruptive.

gender based inequality

when violent acts are committed against women and LGBTI people on the basis of their orientation, gender identity, or sex characteristics.

gender based inequality

happen to women and girls in disproportionate numbers.

• home

• school

• workplace

• peer groups

• mass media and social media

gender inequality occurs in various areas:

home

where the heart is. But it’s also the first place where children are socialized into gender norms, values and stereotypes.

in family tradition

boys are perceived as being more “valuable” and worthy of investing in. For example, a preference for sending boys to school is fuelled by a belief that all girls will eventually get married off. Therefore, investing in a girl’s education reaps little return because a girl who stays at home and learns how to take care of a family is of more value to a future husband.

in marriage

a girl often joins her husband’s family and may cost her family a dowry (property or money brought by a bride to her husband on their marriage)

property rights

girls and women do not have ___________ Only men are allowed to own or inherit property, having a son keeps assets in the family and makes sure parents will have somewhere to live when they get old.

in working for financial reasons

a family needs hard physical labour to run a farm or make it’s living in some other way, boys are seen as more capable and stronger than girls

school

Gender inequality at _______is something that prevents boys and girls from having basic human rights to education.

Education

_________has a very important role in everyone’s lives as it has in gender equality. Some gender inequality that can be found in school are gender stereotyping, bias and discrimination within the education system, and many more.

myths in education about gender stereotypes

• boys are slower than girls to read

➢ girls are naturally quieter than boys

➢ science and math are boys’ subjects

➢ boys are better at sport than girls

➢ boys and girls can’t work together or be friends with each other

Women

are the subject of gender based discrimination in the workplace.

gender pay gap.

Women are the subject of gender based discrimination in the workplace. One way of illustrating this is to look at the ___________

• workplace harassment

• disparity in promotions

example of gender bias in workplace

workplace harassment

Women may experience sexual harassment or a hostile work environment, making it difficult for them to succeed.

disparity in promotion

One of the most common issues faced by women in the Philippine workforce is the significant wage gap. The ADB revealed that the estimated proportion of women’s annual earnings to men’s annual earnings stands at less than 60%.

Peer groups

_________ can have great influence on each other’s gender role behavior depending on the amount of pressure applied.

stereotypes

The _____________ are less prominent when the groups are mixed-gendered. When children do not conform to the appropriate gender role, they may face negative sanctions such as being criticized or marginalized by their peers. Though many of these sanctions are informal, they can be quite severe.

men- male stereotypes

In a peer group, boys are affected by the preconceptions of masculinity. They are supposed to remain tough no matter what circumstances they are facing. Boys are frequently told not to be vulnerable or display emotions besides anger. Their mental health and interpersonal connections may suffer as a result of emotional suppression.

women - female stereotypes

Girls were more affected by peer pressure, while gender differences in parental pressure seemed negligible

Factors influencing the development of a negative body image during adolescence have received increasing attention due to the fact that body dissatisfaction is highly prevalent among adolescent, one of the main predictors of low self-esteem, depression, and not least of all disordered eating in a circle of friends with boys, girls and non-binary genders.

Another example, a girl who wishes to take karate class instead of dance lessons may be called a “tomboy,” facing difficulty gaining acceptance from both male and female peer groups. Boys, especially, are subject to intense ridicule for gender nonconformi

ty.

lgbtqia+ - misgendering and peer pressure

Social pressures are part of the school experience of many students, regardless of sexual orientation or gender identity. But the experience can be particularly difficult for LGBT students, who often struggle to make sense of their identities, lack support from family and friends, and encounter negative messaging about LGBT people at school and in their community.

As a result of these factors, LGBT students are more likely than heterosexual peers to suffer abuse

.

media

Research shows that from a young age, children are influenced by the gendered stereotypes that _________ present to them.

Mass Media

refers to media technologies used to communicate information to a broad audience. Its main goal is to deliver and inform people about various messages through television, films, advertising, radio, the internet, magazines, and newspapers.

Social Media

includes the ways people engage in online communities and networks to create, share, and exchange information and ideas. Common social media platforms that people often use include Facebook, Instagram, X (formerly Twitter), TikTok, and others.

• stereotyping

• pay disparities

Below are the situations that involves gender inequalities that occurs in social media:

stereotyping

Women in media are often portrayed in limiting roles, such as caregivers or objects of desire, rather than complex characters.

pay disparities

Female actors and media professionals often receive lower pay than their male counterparts for comparable roles.

gender crimes

are crimes that are committed against a person or group of people because of their gender. They can be physical, sexual, emotional, or economic in nature, and can occur in any setting, including at home, at school, at work, or in public.

example of gender crimes

• sexual violence

• domestic violence

• honor killings

• forced marriage

• female genital mutilation

• stalking

sexual violence

means that someone forces or manipulates someone else into unwanted sexual activity without their consent.

domestic violence

Intimate partner violence typically includes sexual or physical violence, psychological aggression, and stalking.

honor killings

The killers justify their actions by claiming that the victim has brought dishonor upon the family name or prestige.

forced marriage

This is a marriage that is entered into without the free and full consent of both parties.

female genital mutilation

This is the partial or total removal of the female external genitalia for non-medical reasons.

stalking

This is a pattern of repeated and unwanted attention, harassment, contact, or any other course of conduct directed at a specific person that would cause a reasonable person to feel fear,” according to the Department of Justice.