A&P Unit 1 Chapter 1

anatomy

the study of the STRUCTURE of the human body and its parts, where things are located and what its made of

physiology

the study of the FUNCTIONS of the human body and its parts, how things work

principle of complementarity

the structure of organs and parts of the human body determines the function, and vice versa

subatomic particles

protons, neutrons, and electrons that make up atoms

atom

tiny particles that make up elements (hydrogen, carbon)

molecule

particles consisting of atoms joined together (water, glucose)

macromolecule

large particles consisting of molecules (DNA, protein)

organelle

functional part of a cell (mitochondrion, lysosome)

cell

basic unit of structure and function of living things (muscle, nerves, or blood cells)

tissue

layer or mass of cells with specific function (adipose or epithelial tissue)

organ

group of different tissues with a function (heart, kidney)

organ system

groups of organs with common function (skeletal system)

organisms

composed of interacting organ systems (human)

integumentary/skin

organ system for protection

skeletal

organ system for structure

muscular

organ system for movement

nervous

organ system for control and processing

endocrine

nervous system for hormones

digestive

organ system for nutrients and breaking down foods

respiratory

organ system for breathing and speech

urinary

organ system for liquid waste removal

cardiovascular

organ system for blood transport

lymphatic

organ system for immune response and recycling fluid from blood

reproductive

organ system for offspring and pregnancy

characteristics of life

in order to be “living,” there are certain processes that must be performed

support and movement

this characteristic of life goes along with the skeletal and muscular systems

integration, coordination, and responsiveness

this characteristic of life goes along with the nervous and endocrine systems

transportation

this characteristic of life goes along with the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems

absorption and excretion

this characteristic of life goes along with the digestive, urinary, respiratory, and integumentary systems

growth, development, and reproduction

this characteristic of life goes along with the reproductive and endocrine systems

requirements of life

to sustain life, there are certain requirements that must be met

water

this requirement of life provides a fluid environment for metabolic processes and it required for transport of substances and regulation of body temperature

intercellular fluid

water found inside cells

extracellular fluid

water found outside cells

food

this requirement of life because the nutrients ingested from our diet is used by our cells

oxygen

this requirement of life is used by our cells to produce energy

heat

this requirement of life helps maintain body temp and partly controls rate of metabolic reactions

pressure

this requirement of life involves atmospheric pressure from the environment and the application of force on an object

atmospheric pressure

important for breathing

hydrostatic pressure

keeps blood flowing

maintenance of boundries

this requirement of life seperates internal and external environments and fluid compartments and allows regulation of what materials go where and when

metabolism

this requirement of life involves all chemical reactions that sustain the body

homeostasis

this requirement of life involves maintaining a stable internal environment for optimal operations, even though the outside world changes continuously

feedback mechanisms

systems that moniter aspects of the internal environment and correct them as needed

receptor

this feedback mechanism detects and provides info about the stimuli

control center

this feedback mechanism is the decision maker that maintains the set point

effector

this feedback mechanism is the muscle or gland that reports to the control center, and causes the necessary change in the internal environment

negative feedback loop

reverses or diminishes the effect of a stimulus to return to normal (ex: body temp, blood pressure, glucose level)

positive feedback loop

enhances or amplifies the effect of a stimulus, produced temporarily unstable conditions that seem like they will not lead to homeostasis, but they will eventually (ex: blood clotting)