BioTech Honors Mrs. Smith Midterm/Final

all non- zeros are

significant

zeros between figures are

significant

zeros in front of numbers are (leading zero)

never significant

zeros at the end of numbers are (lagging zeros)

only significant if there’s a decimal

atom

building blocks of all matter

proton

positive charge

where are protons

center of nucleus of an atom

neutron

no charge

where are neutrons

center of nucleus of an atom

electrons

negative charge

where are electrons

outside the nucleus in energy levels, creates a cloud

element

substance that cant be broken down or simplifies anymore (start w/ capital letters)

compound

substance of two or more elements chemically combined in definite proportions

organic compound

made/used by living organisms, almost always contains a carbon (water is an exception)

chemical bonds

the attraction that hold 2 or more atoms together to for a compound

what happens if a chemical bond gets broken

energy is released or absorbed

type(s) of chemical bonds

ionic, covalent

atoms are most stable…

when the outer most energy level is complely filled (not too much or too litlle)

becomes an ion when

an atom looses or gains an electron

negative ion

atom gains an electron

positive ion

atom looses an electron

ionic bond

chemical bond that is formed from the attractive force between ions with oppo charges , electros lost by one element and gained by another, compounds have no electrical charge

covalent bond

creates molecules, electrons shared by atoms, single, double, or triple bond

single bond

2 electrons shared

double bond

4 electrons shared

triple bond

6 electrons shared

polar molecules

covalent bonds where atoms do not share electrons equally, one side has slightly negative charge and the other slightly positive charge.

what bond does water have

hydrogen, which is very weak

hydrogen bonds…

help to determine properties of water and chemistry of living things

how to determine what has a strong attraction of electrons

more protons

stronger proton pull of electrons=

that side being negative in polar molecules

cohesion

water on water

adhesion

water on smt else

capilary action

paper towel up

mixture

physically combined

solution

compound dissolved into another compound

suspension

something that isn ‘t fully disolved but mixed into another substance

compounds that have carbon are considered

organic

how many electrons does carbon have in the outer level

4

how many electrons must carbon have to be stable

8

how many other atoms/ carbons can carbon bond with to make long organic chain

4

monomer

small compounds that are the building blocks for macromolecules

polymer

many monomers attached together

macromolecule, giant molecule

many polymers joined together

polymerization

forms macromolecules

Lipids store

energy

adipose

storage of fats in humans

fats, oils, and waxes are

lipids

steroids

chemical messenger

insulations and shock absorbtion

lipids

very hydrophobic molecule

glycerol

fatty acid with no double bond, is solid at room temp, is a type of lipid

saturated fats

made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in the ration 1:2:1

carbohydrate

cytology

the study of cells