Theory-of-Architecture-Reviewer

Futurist Architecture

An architectural movement characterized by obsolescence and transience, emphasizing speed, motion, and urgency.

Antonio Sant’Elia

An Italian architect known for bold sketches and vision of an industrialized city, but left behind few completed works.

Congres Internationaux d’Architecture Moderne (CIAM)

Founded in 1928, an association of architects aimed at advancing modernism with functional urban development categories.

Dwelling

In CIAM's context, a residential space that prioritizes typography, sunlight, and green space for health.

Recreation

All residential areas should provide open space for community activities such as playgrounds and parks.

Metabolism

An architectural movement that views buildings as living organisms that evolve over time.

Brutalism

An architectural style utilizing raw, unfinished concrete and functional forms, characterized by sculptural shapes.

Modernism

An architectural movement rejecting ornament and embracing minimalism, focusing on function and rational use of materials.

Louis Sullivan

Regarded as the 'Father of Modernism,' known for his principle 'form follows function' in architecture.

Frank Lloyd Wright

An architect who advocated for organic architecture that harmonizes human habitation with nature.

Raumplan

A spatial organization method developed by Adolf Loos, emphasizing function and the economy of ornament.

Auguste Perret

A French architect known for pioneering the use of visible concrete in modern architecture.

Overall Architectural Design Strategy

A comprehensive plan guiding a project's development from concept to execution, considering various influencing factors.

Sustainable Approach in Architecture

Designing buildings to minimize environmental impact and promote energy efficiency.

Architectural Paradigm Shift

A transformation in architectural thought that embraces diversity and rejects rigid historical classifications.

Iterative Design Process

A cyclical approach used in architecture involving continuous refinement based on feedback and testing.

Giacomo Matte-Trucco

Lingotto Factory (1923); was one of the main production

plants of the FIAT car;

Antonio Sant’Elia

almost no completed works of architecture and is primarily remembered

for his bold sketches and influence on modern archite

Angiolo Mazzoni

Squadra rialzo building (1935) which he designed has been called “the greatest masterpiece of Futurist-Constructivist Modern architecture”

by CIAM's four functional categori

1. Dwelling

2. Work

3. Transportation

4. Recreation

Dwelling

best places in the city in terms of typography, climate, sunlight, and availability of green space.

Transportation

Traffic analyzed to reveal the location of heavily travelled routes and the types of their traffic.

METABOLISM

An architectural movement that emerged in Japan in the 1960s, emphasizing the idea of architecture as a living organism that evolves and adapts to its environment.

Kenzo Tange

.. architects have a special duty and mission... [to contribute] to the socio-cultural development of architecture and urban planning.”

● 1987 Pritzker Prize for Architecture

● Combined traditional Japanese styles with modernism

Kisho Kurokawa

Nakagin Capsule Tower in Ginza

Kiyonori Kikutake

Contrary to the architecture of the past, contemporary architecture must be capable of responding to the changing needs of the contemporary era.”

Marine City”

Reyer Banham

defined Brutalist Architecture as having:

1. Memorability as an image

2. Clear exhibition of structure

3. Valuation of materials as found

Post War

Buildings produced were practical, affordable, quick to produce, and maximized the use

of materials

New Brutalism

the re-emergence of brutalist architecture in later contemporary period

Modernism

Aesthetic practice of modernity

Architectural period that is difficult to define

Although some say it is rooted in the Period of Enlightenment, it is mostly a 20th century construct

Modern

relating to the present or recent times as opposed to the remote past

Modernist Architecture

Rejecting ornament and embracing minimalism (functionalism)

Single most important new style or philosophy of architecture and design of the 20th century

Cultural Transformation

New societal needs = new building types

A Pure Rational Architecture

- Pure, uncorrupted meanings

- Most suited to fundamental human needs

- Marc Antoine Laugier’s “primitive hut”

Enlightenment Rationalism

Age of Enlightenment

- Basis of architecture should be science

Education of the Architect

Teaching responsibilities of design: the duty of the architect or other educated person as a citizen

- History and Theory of architecture = part of architect’s education

Territorial Transformation

New political states = volatile growth

● Unprecedented technical and socio-economic forces

Structural Transformation

Glass Innovations, Aluminum, Skyscraper construction, curtain wall systems, suspension bridges, modular systems, Load-Bearing Masonry to Steel Frames

Ludwig Mies van dar Rohe (1924)

Architecture is the will of the people translated into space.

Characteristics of early 20th century architecture:

The machine as an inspiration for the formation of architecture

● Primacy of Function and Utility

● Architecture to support (or garner) political and industrial power

● Aspirations of industrialism

Peter Behrens

Central figure for Jugenstil (youthful style) in Munich, Germany

● Abstract geometrical forms

● One of the founders of Deutsche Wer

Walter gropius

Set up own practice with Adolf Meyer

● Fagus Shoe Factory

School of Arts and Crafts at Weimar + Weimar Academy of Fine Arts = Bauhaus

Ludwig Mies van der rohe

The concept of the artist as “agent of the taste of the age”

● “architecture being an expression of technical power”

Charles Edouard Jenneret (Le Corbusier)

Toured a lot; was captivated by the sharpness of forms under the crisp

Mediterranean sunlight

The house is a machine for living in” - Le Corbusier

Adolf Loos

Ornament is a crime. Raumplan

Cass gilbert

One of the first “celebrity” American architects

● Most famous for Woolworth Building

Alvar Aalto

Believed painting and sculpture as "branches of the tree whose trunk is architecture.” His career is characterized by a concern for design as Gesamtkunstwerk—a total work of art

Pilotis

grid of slim reinforced concrete pylons that assume the structural weight of a building.

open plan

The absence of load-bearing partition walls affords greater flexibility in design and use of living spaces; the house is unrestrained in its internal use.

free design of the facade

separated exterior of the building is free from conventional structural restriction, allowing the façade to be unrestrained, lighter, more open

horizontal ribbon windows

these light rooms equally, increasing sense of space and seclusion

roof garden

flat roofs with garden terraces serve both harmonic and domestic utility

Architectural Theory

• Act of thinking, discussing, and writing about architecture

• Nurted by philosophical ideas

Design Philosophy

• The main driving force behind the work of a designer or design team

• These philosophies define the aesthetics, methods, and/or the impact of a design on

society, individuals or the planet

Design Approach

Essential in holistically shaping the design project from start to finish.

• Crucial to decide upon a design approach in the early stages and follow it through

until the project is complete.

Practical approach

Traditionalist strategy - most used approach

• Basically problem-solving — using the most practical materials, the most

efficient design, and overall a traditionalist strategy

• Usually the most cost-efficient approach (and thus,

Experiential approach

• Extremely immersive approach - takes into account the end user’s

experience

Integrated design approach

Brings together a wider range of experts to contribute to the project as a team

sustainable approach

• To achieve a green + eco-friendly building, you need to incorporate

sustainable design from the very beginning

Design Strategy

An overarching plan

Guides the development of a project from concept to execution

Paradigm

Greek) paradèigma, 'example, exemplar'

● A typical example or pattern of something; a model.

● (linguistics) a set of linguistic ite

A Patter Language

written by Christopher

Alexander (1977); presents a framework for designing buildings, cities, and communities based on recurring design solutions or patterns that address human needs and enhance quality of life

STAGES OF THE ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN PROCESS

1. Pre-Design

2. Schematic Design

3. Design Development

4. Contract Documents

5. Bidding/Negotiation

6. Contract Administration (construction)

7. Post-Occupancy

CREATIVE DESIGN PROCESS

● The fallacy of a perfect first design

● Design continually changes

● Improvement is key: Need for information that would enhance the design

● Critical thinking and adaptability is required