Social and Personality Development Lecture Review

These flashcards cover key concepts related to social and personality development according to various psychological theories and research methods.

What is socialization in the context of child development?

The process through which the child acquires beliefs, behaviors, and values significant to society.

What are the three primary functions of socialization in society?

Behavior regulation, promotion of personal growth, and maintenance of social order.

What is the difference between universal and particularistic development?

Universal development consists of normative stages all individuals undergo, while particularistic development varies based on cultural and individual differences.

In developmental psychology, what does activity versus passivity refer to?

It refers to whether a child's characteristics actively influence their environment or they passively accept the environment as it is.

What does the transactional system in human development signify?

The direction of effects in development, indicating influence from both parent to child and child to parent.

What are the two major aspects of reliability in research methods?

Consistency of results over time and across different observers.

What is validity in the context of developmental research methods?

The extent to which a measuring instrument accurately reflects what it aims to measure.

List two methods of collecting data in developmental research.

Self-report methods (such as interviews and questionnaires) and observational methods (such as naturalistic observation and structured observation).

What is the strength of cross-sectional design in developmental research?

It demonstrates age differences and hints at developmental trends.

What is a limitation of longitudinal research design?

It can be time-consuming and may yield nonrepresentative samples due to selective attrition.

What did Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development emphasize?

Lifelong development through a series of psychosocial crises that shape individuals' development in relation to their social environment.

What is the first stage of Freud's psychosexual theory?

Oral stage, which occurs from birth to 1 year, focused on pleasure centers around the mouth.

What is the Oedipus complex in Freud's theory?

The child's unconscious desire for the opposite-sex parent and rivalry with the same-sex parent during the phallic stage.

According to Vygotsky, what is the 'zone of proximal development'?

The range of tasks that a child cannot yet perform independently but can accomplish with guidance.

What is the central idea of Bandura’s Cognitive Social Learning Theory?

Learning occurs through observation, where individuals can learn behaviors by watching role models.

How does behavioral genetics explain the interaction of genes and environment?

It states that both genetic and environmental variances affect individual development, influencing phenotypic expressions.

Explain the term 'scaffolding' in Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory.

The process by which an expert provides support to a novice to help them develop understanding or skills.

What are the four primary perspectives on the nature versus nurture debate in development?

1. Both nature and nurture influence development. 2. Nurture is most significant. 3. Nature predominates. 4. Contextual influences are emphasized.

What does Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems Theory highlight in human development?

The interplay of different environmental systems (microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, chronosystem) that influence an individual's development.