DNA damage and repair

The vast majority of DNA consists of __________ DNA made of regulatory sequences.

non-coding

The whole collection of alleles is known as __________, which refers to an organism's genetic makeup.

genotype

Genetic variation is produced by __________.

mutation

Mitochondrial DNA is inherited and affects __________ production/function.

protein

SNPs have one base pair/nucleotide varied in different individuals of a population, with approximately __________ per genome.

2 million

A point mutation is a change in a single nucleotide in the DNA sequence, which can include _________, substitutions, insertions or deletions.

changes in nucleotide

DNA polymerase maintains a low __________ rate during DNA replication.

error

When DNA polymerase makes a mistake, __________ can occur, leading to incorrect nucleotide addition.

base pairing mismatch

IDLs (Insertion/Deletion Loops) can lead to __________, potentially affecting function of genes or regulatory elements.

mutations

Replication slippage commonly occurs in regions with repetitive sequences and can result in __________ during DNA replication.

insertions or deletions

Spontaneous mutations occur naturally without __________ influence.

external

Induced mutations are caused by __________, which can be physical (like radiation) or chemical.

mutagens

Mutagens can cause mutations such as __________ dimers resulting from UV radiation.

thymine

A base substitution or point mutation occurs when one base in a DNA sequence is replaced by another, categorized into transitions and __________.

transversions

Sickle cell disease is caused by a __________ mutation in the hemoglobin gene.

transversion

A silent mutation is a nucleotide change that does not alter the __________ sequence of the resulting protein.

amino acid

A __________ mutation results in a different amino acid being incorporated into the resulting protein.

missense

A nonsense mutation creates a premature __________ codon in the DNA sequence.

stop

An insertion occurs when one or more __________ are added into the DNA sequence.

nucleotides

A frameshift mutation results from an insertion or deletion that shifts the __________.

reading frame

Somatic mutations occur in somatic cells and are __________ passed on to offspring.

not

Germline mutations occur in germ cells and can be __________ on to offspring.

passed

The process of DNA repair includes the recognition of damage, removal of the damaged base, and _________ of the original DNA strand.

replacement

In NER, damaged DNA is cut out and replaced during a repair mechanism used for __________ DNA damage.

bulky

Homologous recombination (HR) is a precise repair method that occurs when there's a __________-strand break in DNA.

double

Non-Homologous End Joining (NHEJ) directly joins broken DNA ends together without using a __________.

template