Animal Physiology Exam 2

Draw and label the major structures of the eye

What controls pupil diameter? Draw Iris from the front with radial “spokes” and circular rings.

Explain accommodation for near vision. Draw Contracted ciliary muscle —> loose suspensory ligaments —> round lens.

Explain accommodation for distant vision. Draw relaxed ciliary muscle —> tight ligaments —> flat lens.

Draw the cellular layers of the retina and show the direction of light and neural information.

Light travels through the ganglion and bipolar cell layers before reaching the photoreceptors. Neural information then travels in the opposite direction:

Photoreceptors —> bipolar cells —> ganglion cells —> optic nerve.

Draw the basic vestibular apparatus

Hint: semicircular canals, utricle, saccule, vestibular nerve

How do vestibular hair cells detect movement?

Draw hair cell with stereocilia, kinocilium, mechanical channel, and sensory neuron.

Draw the outer ear

Draw the middle ear

Draw the inner ear

Draw the organ of Corti.

Draw the olfactory epithelium.

Draw a tongue papilla and taste bud.

Draw the accessory olfactory system.

Key point: The accessory olfactory system is especially important for detecting pheromonal and social chemical cues in many animals.