Phys 2 Final (higher fxns of brain)

What mainly functions in motor/efferent planning and execution and personality?

frontal lobe

What mainly functions in sensory/afferent association?

parietal lobe

What mainly functions in vision/processing and contains the primary visual cortex?

occipital lobe

What has various functions such as processing sound, recognition of faces, and language processing?

temporal lobe

Which part of the temporal lobe is involved in emotion, memory and learning?

medial

How many layers if the human neocortex made of?

6 distinct layers of neurons

What are the roles of cortical neurons?

- receive signals

- communicate with other cortical neurons

- send large output fibers

What is 90% of the cortex in the cerebellum and contains 6 layers of cells?

neocortex

What cortex only have 3 layers of cells?

archicortex

what cortex has 4-5 layers of cells and is known as the olfactory cortex?

paleocortex

Which layer of the neocortex if the main output layer?

Layer V: internal pyramidal layer

Which layer of the neocortex if the main input layer?

Layer IV: internal granular layer

what cells are involved with intracortical communication?

granular neurons

What are the three association areas?

prefrontal, parieto-occipito-temporal, limbic

General association fxn interprets incoming _______ info such as somatic sensation, visual, ________, and olfactory

sensory; auditory

Spatial coordinates, naming objects, language comprehension, and visual language processing are all subdivisions of what?

parieto-occipito-temporal association

____________ provides us with the ability to localize and process our body parts, sounds and visual stimuli

spatial coordinates

_______ is the most important area for higher intellectual fxn bc it provides us with ability to comprehend language

language comprehension (Wernicke's)

T/F Wernicke's is located in the right hemisphere in 95% of people

FALSE

- left hemisphere in 95% of people

Which area relays info of written words to Wernicke's which allows for the ability to read?

visual language (interpretive) area

This area interprets both auditory and visual information

area for naming objects

What is the inability to identify objects, people, or sounds?

agnosia

T/F the prefrontal association area ONLY integrates sensory information with deeper meaning

FALSE

- can also involve motor output

Empathy, reason, thought processes, motor planning, and working memory are all characteristics of what area?

prefrontal association area

Damage to the prefrontal association area could result in what?

loss of purpose, inappropriate social responses, decreased aggressiveness, inability to multitask, and loss of ability to solve complex problems

If you're planning a course of action for your elaborate run and are receiving tips and tricks from runners on TikTok, what area are you using?

prefrontal association area

Working memory can keep track of how _____ pieces of information in order to make planning possible, consider consequences, solve complex problems, gateway to learning --> long-term memory

4-7

Communication requires coordination btw _________, Wernicke's, Prefrontal association area, ________, and __________

primary auditory/visual cortices; Broca's; primary motor cortex

What area is associated with emotion, motivation, and behavior?

Limbic association area

The recognition of faces involves what two portions, and what do each of them communicate with?

Occipital portion: primary visual cortex

Temporal portion: limbic system

______ result from a pattern of stimulation in many parts of the brain

thoughts

Short term memory

few seconds to few minutes

intermediate

minutes to few weeks

long-term memory

Permanent; structural changes within neurons

In memory, specific pathways are _______ due to previous activity

sensitized

What is the inhibition of synaptic pathways for inconsequential information?

Habituation

T/F emotional, positive, and negative experiences are usually stored for more than a few minutes

TRUE

What is the facilitation/enhancement of synaptic pathways for consequential input (pain & pleasure)?

Memory Sensitization

Declarative (explicit) memory is _______, involves details of important experiences (time, causes, meaning, surroundings, etc)

conscious

Episodic memories are _________

personal experiences

Semantic memories are __________

factual information

Reflexive (implict) memory is _________ and involves motor activities, __________, hand-eye coordination, and ___________

subconscious; learned skills; emotional responses

Short term memory lasts _______, intermediate memory lasts ____ to ______ and long term memory lasts ________

seconds; several min to weeks; a lifetime

T/F short term memory can be converted to long term memory if there is repetition/meaning

TRUE

Intermediate memory causes temporary _______ or _______ changes at synapses

chemical; physical

What is the loss of signal strength over time for insignificant events?

habituation

What is the progressive closure of calcium channels at the sensory axon terminal? What does it result in?

molecular habituation

- decreased NT released and decreased signal strength

The sensory pathway requires the ________ pathway/neuron to keep a signal strong

facilitator

What allows continued strength of sensory/memory pathway?

facilitation

What occurs when serotonin is released by facilitator pathway and causes a cascade at the sensory axon terminal --> ends up blocking potassium channels?

Molecular facilitation

Long term memory occurs due to _______ ______

structural changes

Due to structural changes in long term memory, release of NT _________ and the dendritic spines change in structure, resulting in _________ number of receptors

increase; increase

Long term portentiation is regulated by ______ and requires the receptors ______ and _____

glutamate; NMDA; AMPA

Long term potentiation process

influx of Ca2+ is theorized to trigger cascade within postsynaptic neurons that leads to increased number of AMPA receptors (increased responsiveness to stimuli)

What is necessary to convert short and intermediate memory to longer term memory via repetition, rehearsal, active processing, and thinking?

consolidation

What negatively affects consolidation?

concussion and general anesthesia

Where does conversion of short and intermediate memory to long term memory occur?

hippocampus

What are codified memories?

similar information is grouped (new memories stored in associated with old memories)

Hippocampus is involved in __________ and is located in the most medial portion of the ________ lobe

consolidation; temporal

What is the classic circuit involving the hippocampus and structure of limbic system, what is involved?

Papez Circuit

- learning, memory, and emotion

What are the steps of the Papez circuit?

hippocampus --> fornix --> mammillary bodies of hypothalamus --> mammilo-thalamic tract --> Thalamus --> cingulate gyrus of limbic lobe

The hippocampus one of the most important origin and destination sites for ______ and ______

reward and punsihment

Damage to the hippocampus that results in the loss of capability to store NEW declarative memories in long-term memory, but past memories are unaffected, is what?

anterograde amnesia

Damage to the hippocampus that results in loss of recent memories is referred to as?

retrograde amnesia

What three areas are dominant in the left hemisphere?

Wernicke's, Broca's, hand skill areas

The non-dominant hemisphere(right) is important for what?

everything else

- music, art, nonverbal communication, visual patterns, spatial relations

What is the large structure responsible for bidirectional communication btw majority of cerebral hemispheres?

corpus callosum

what is a small structure responsible for communication btw anterior temporal lobes and involves the Amygdala and emotional connections?

anterior commissure

The reticular activating system receives signals from _______ hypothalamus

lateral

which activation of the cerebrum is direct stimulation of background neuronal activity throughout the brain?

generalized

which activation of the cerebrum is activation of neurohormonal systems that facilitate or inhibit specific areas of cerebrum through hormone-like NTs?

specific

________ ______ is located in the pons and midbrain, projects to the thalamus, and requires NT Ach and signals only last ________

Bluboreticular facilitory area; miliseconds

________ are the nuclei of the reticular activating system that release several different NT? How long do signals last?

neurohormonal signals

- minutes to hours

_______ is stimulatory and originates in the Locus cerculeus

NE

_______ is stimulatory and originates in gigantocellular neurons

Ach

______ is inhibitory, originates in raphe nuclei, primarly acts on diencephalon, adn inhibts pain in spainl cord

serotonin

______ is both stimulatory and inhibatory, originates in substantia nigra, primary acts on caudate, putamen basal nuceli, and stimulates _______,______,_______

dopamine; motivation, reward, emotion

reticular formation receives incoming info such as _____ and sends it to the ______ and _______

pain; thalamus & cortex

What strongly stimulates RAS?

pain

each area of the cerebral cortex corresponds wth a __________ in the thalamus which allows for what?

specific

- reverbation of signals

what is the entire neuronal circuitry that controls emotional behavior and motivation?

limbic system

What 3 things is the hypothalamus a control HQ for?

limbic system, endocrine system, autonomic control

the hypothalamus is involved in _______ communication with all other regions of the limbic system

2-way

Where does the hypothalamus send output signals to in the limbic system?

reticular area, thalamus and cortex, pituitary gland

_______ of the lateral hypothalamus leads to what? What is a strong stimulation associated with?

stimulation; urge to eat and drink

- strong stimulation --> rage

_______ of the lateral hypothalamus lead to no urge to eat or drink and a loss of drive

lesion

Stimulation of the ventromedial nucleus results in what?

relaxation and feeling of fullness

Lesion of the ventromedial hypothalamus results in what?

excessive eating and drinking and easily agitated

Stimulation of the periventricular nuclei leads to?

fear and/or shame

the lateral and ventromedial hypothalamic nuclei and nucleus accumbens are ______ centers

reward

____ stimuli give sense of reward and ______ stimuli give sense of punishment

weak; strong

What are punishment centers?

central gray area surrounding aqueduct of sylvius and periventricular zone of hypothalamus

What is key for receiving sensory information related to emotion and survival and is heavily involved in fear responses?

amygdala

Stimulation of the lateral and posterior hypothalamus, transmitted through vasomotor center (upper medulla) will result in?

increase in arterial pressure and HR

Stimulation of preoptic area of hypothalamus, transmitted through vasomotor center (lower medulla) will result in?

decrease in arterial pressure and HR

What is normal core body temp?

98.6 °F

When are lower core body temps normal?

elderly and Type 2 diabetics

__________ of the hypothalamus regulates body temp

Preoptic area

The preoptic area of the hypothalamus regulates response to _________ its self and coordinates w/ posterior hypothalamus to ________

cool down; warm up

What mechanism are used when there is an increase in body/blood temps? What area of hypothalamus regulates this?

peripheral vasodilation and stimulation of sweat glands

- Preoptic (anterior)