CRJ Finals

According to the text, prisons should also be used to _______ individuals.

rehabilitate

Evidence that is favorable to the defense and may exonerate a defendant from any criminal wrongdoing is referred to as ________.

Which of the following sentencing philosophies focuses on reforming criminal behavior so that the offender does not need or want to engage in future acts of crime?

Specific deterrence

Under ______, there is no justice if the offender is NOT punished under the law

Retributive justice

Under _______, justice becomes an opportunity for healing

________ is when the offender is sentenced to a specific term.

Determinate sentencing

Early release based on the behavior of the offender is referred to as _______.

Parole

The first penal institution to use individual cells and work details for inmates opened in ________ in 1776.

Philadelphia

The flagship institution of the Pennsylvania System is ________.

Eastern State Penitentiary

This reformatory era saw the introduction of _______ as an early release program to reward inmate’s rehabilitative efforts.

marks

________ are managed by local city or county governments and are often staffed by the local police or sheriff.

_______ have higher rates of incarceration for violent offenses.

A ______ security-level prison is designed to house serious and violent offenders. Inmate movement and autonomy is significantly restricted, and inmates are often a risk to themselves, other inmates, and staff.

Placement at minimum security prisons are based on _________.

__________ are characteristics about an offender that do NOT change.

What are the 4 sources of law

Constitutional, Statutory, Administrative, and Case law

What is a crime?

Misdemeanor/felony

What is substantive law

What is procedural law

What are violent crimes

What are property crimes

what are status offenses

things that are only illegal at certain times i.e. underage drinking, curfew, etc.

What are victimless crimes?

Crimes that only effect the offender. I.e. gambling, drugs, prostitution

What are white collar crimes?

What is the UCR?

Uniform Crime Reports

Theorists behind the levels of development

Jean Piaget and Lawrence Kohlberg

Biological and psychological theories

Cesare Lombroso and Sigmund Freud

Micro theories/Classical theory

Cesare Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham

Bohr

Frankpledge

Shire reeves

Sir Robert Peele

August Vollmer

What is social disorganization?

What are the 5 categories of Strain?

What is the labeling theory

What is the social bond theory?

What is the peacemaking theory

What is the conflict theory?

What is the writ of certiorari

What is voir dire

What is amicus curiae?

What is absolute immunity

What is qualified immunity?

What is discovery?

What is the 4th amendment?

What is the 5th amendment?

What is the 6th amendment?

Speedy trial, right to an attorney

What is the exclusionary rule?

What is the fruits of the poisonous tree doctrine?

What is double jeopardy?

What is Mapp v. Ohio?

What is the Broken Windows Theory ?

What are meat eaters?

What are grass eaters?

What is the Rotten Apple Theory

What is the difference between ethical dilemma and ethical issue?

What is the Carroll doctrine?

What is Terry v. Ohio

Choice theory (free will)

the belief that individuals choose to commit a crime, looking at the opportunities before them, weighing the benefits vs the punishments, and deciding whether or not to proceed

Classical Theory

Similar to the choice theory, this theory ascertains that people think before they proceed with criminal actions; that when one commits a crime, it is because the individual decided that it was advantageous to commit the crime

Conflict Theory

tensions and conflicts arise when resources, status, and power are unevenly distributed between groups in society and that these conflicts become the engine for social change

Critical theory

the belief that a small few, the elite of society, decide laws and the definition of crime; those who commit crimes disagree with the laws that were created to keep control of them

Labeling theory

Those who follow the labeling theory of criminology ascribe to the fact that an individual will become what he/she is labeled or what other expect them to become; the danger comes from calling a crime a crime and a criminal a criminal

Life course theory

a person’s “course” in life is determined by short (transitory) and long (trajectory) events in their life, and crime can result when a transitory event causes stress in a person’s life causing them to commit a crime against society

Peacemaking Criminology

an alternative approach to crime that endorses nonviolent, socially just methods for dealing with victims and offenders and, ultimately, achieving social control

How are federal judges selected?

They are nominated by the president and confirmed by the senate

Defendants cannot sue ______ for civil damages for how they handle a case.

Prosecutors

Our criminal justice system features a(n) _____ system during trials, in which prosecutors and defense attorneys battle to win cases.

adversarial

Which constitutional amendment guarantees the right to a speedy trial?

The 6th amendment

What happens at the initial appearance if the judge does not believe there is enough evidence to establish probable cause?

The case is dismissed

When acts are illegal under both federal and state law, this is referred to as ______ jurisdiction.

Concurrent

A criminal charge filed by a grand jury is known as a(n):

Indictment

The exchange of evidence between prosecutor and defense attorney prior to trial, with the goal of promoting a fair trial, is known as _______.

Discovery

What is prohibited under the exclusionary rule?

Any illegally obtained evidence from being use at trial

What two conditions must be in place for an officer to seize contraband that is in plain-view?

An officer must be lawfully on the premises, and the discovery must be inadvertent

When must police advise suspects of their Miranda rights?

After arrest but before interrogation of any felony or misdemeanor offense

The right to an attorney is guaranteed by which amendment?

The 6th amendment

______ is a type of directed patrol that uses crime-mapping technologies

Hot-spot

_______ suggests that, if people fear the punishment that others receive, they will decide NOT to engage in similar acts as they do not want to risk the potential punishment for themselves.

General deterrence

A petition to the U.S. Supreme Court to hear a case is known as __________.

Writ of certiorari

Data indicates that people _______ are more likely to be subjects of stop-and-frisk policies

of color

If the police act in accordance with the law, but make an unintended error, then the evidence can still be used. This is referred to as _________.

The good faith exception

A ______ is when a person’s reasonable expectation of privacy is violated

search

Legal documents that allow officers to complete a search of person’s belongings are referred to as ________.

warrants

A hearing of the full bench of a U.S. circuit court is referred to as _______.

en banc

A form of corruption involves receiving free items in exchange for favorable treatment is known as ________.

mooching

Which rule excludes additional evidence later obtained in an investigation that was the result of an initial illegal search?

Fruits of the poisonous tree

What is the formal document prepared by the prosecution that enumerates all charges against the defendant called?

Information/complaint

What is exculpatory evidence?

Evidence that could be used to exonerate the defendant

The American Criminal justice system is broadly shaped after what?

English Common law

Which of the following models of the criminal justice process focuses on deterring crime through swift punishment and puts less emphasis on the rights of the accused?

Crime control model

The crime control model is often aligned with a more ______ perspective.

conservative

A young man was sentenced to 5-10 years in prison and is likely to be out early due to good behavior. What type of crime did he most likely commit

Felony

The _______ is a time period in which the primary strategy involved the use of foot patrols to better connect with people

Community problem-solving era

Which era used law rather than politics as the foundation for modern policing?

Reform era

information that would lead a law enforcement officer to have reason to believe that another has committed, is committing, or is about to commit a crime is known as ______.

Probable cause

Under criminal law, the burden of proof is ______.

beyond a reasonable doubt

What argues that the punishment should fit the crime, in other words revenge?

Lex Talionis

Which source of law refers to laws that are established by governments?

Statutory