Anatomy and Physiology - Battery Examination Review

Flashcards covering the anatomical and physiological concepts from the BSN103 lecture, including cell structure, body systems, and homeostasis.

Anatomy

Refers to the internal and external structures of the body and their physical relationships; the study of the body's structure.

Gross Anatomy

The study of larger body structures.

Microscopic Anatomy

The study of smaller body structures.

Regional Anatomy

A subdivision of gross anatomy that focuses on all the structures in a specific area of the body.

Systemic Anatomy

The study of body structure system by system.

Surface Anatomy

The study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin surface.

Physiology

The study of function of the human body, helping to understand the chemistry and physics of anatomical structures.

Neurophysiology

A category of physiology that focuses on the nervous system.

Cardiovascular physiology

A category of physiology that focuses on the heart and blood vessels.

Renal physiology

A category of physiology that focuses on the function of the kidneys.

Cell

The basic structural, functional, and biological unit of all known living organisms.

Cytoplasm

The cellular material between the plasma membrane and the nucleus; it is the site of most cellular activities.

Golgi Apparatus

The principal "traffic director" for cellular proteins.

Nucleus

The control center of the cell that contains the instructions needed to build nearly all the body's proteins.

Plasma Membrane

The structure that separates two of the body's major fluid compartments.

Diffusion

The tendency of molecules or ions to move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

Osmosis

The diffusion of a solvent, such as water, through a selectively permeable membrane.

Homeostasis

The body's ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world changes continuously.

Water

Identified as the universal solvent and the body's chief solvent.

Synapse

A structure that permits a neuron to pass an electrical or chemical signal to another neuron or to a target effector cell.

SA Node

Also known as the Sinoatrial Node or pacemaker; located in the right atria, it starts the electrical spark for the heart.

Cerebrum

The largest part of the brain, responsible for higher functions, interpreting senses, reasoning, and emotions.

Amygdala

A small, almond-shaped structure deep within the temporal lobes where memory and emotions are processed.

Diencephalon

A part of the brain that acts as a central relay system.

Brain Stem

Regulates automatic, life-sustaining functions such as breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure.

Cerebellum

Coordinates musculoskeletal movement to maintain posture, balance and muscle tone.

Neurotransmitters

Intercellular chemical signals secreted by nerve cells that are important in nervous system functions.

Catecholamines

A class of compounds including Epinephrine and Norepinephrine; low levels can contribute to anxiety, depression, and sleep disorders.

Serotonin

The key hormone that stabilizes mood, feelings of well-being, and happiness; it also assists with sleeping, eating, and digestion.

Basal cell Carcinoma

The least malignant and most common type of skin cancer where stratum basale cells proliferate.

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

The second most common type of skin cancer, involving the keratinocytes of the stratum spinosum.

Melanoma

The most dangerous type of skin cancer; it is highly metastatic, resistant to chemotherapy, and involves the cancer of melanocytes.

Rule of Nines

A method used to evaluate burns by breaking the body into $11$ sections representing $9\%$ each, plus $1\%$ for genitals, to estimate fluid loss.

Axial Skeleton

One of the two main divisions of the skeletal system.

Appendicular Skeleton

One of the two main divisions of the skeletal system.

Joints

Areas where $2$ or more bones meet.

Synovial cavity

A joint cavity enclosed within fibrous capsules that surround freely movable joints.

Ligaments

Connective tissues that connect bones together.

Cartilage

Connective tissue that helps reduce the friction of movement within a joint.

Tendons

Connective tissues that connect muscles to bones.

Gluteus Maximus

The biggest muscle in the body, located in the buttock, used for walking and running.

Cardiac Muscle

Involuntary, branched muscle found in the heart that appears fused.

Skeletal Muscle

Voluntarily controlled muscle with long, cylindrical fibers that attaches to bones.

Smooth Muscle

Thin, spindle-shaped muscle that lines organs and vessels.

Diastolic pressure

The pressure that occurs when the heart ventricles are relaxing.

Arteries

Blood vessels that help carry oxygenated blood away from the heart.

Veins

Blood vessels that carry un-oxygenated blood toward the heart.

Capillaries

Tiny blood vessels where gas exchange takes place, connecting arteries and veins.

Endocardium

The innermost tissue layer of the heart that forms the surface of the valves.

Myocardium

The middle most layer or the heart muscle.

Pericardium

The outermost layer of the heart, consisting of a tough double-layered fibrous sac.

Medulla oblongata

The part of the brain where neurons control the basic rhythm of breathing.

Hemoglobin

The protein in red blood cells that transports most of the oxygen entering the blood.

External Respiration

The gas exchange between pulmonary blood and alveoli.

Internal Respiration

The exchange of gases between the blood and the cells of the body.

Hydrochloric Acid

An acid produced by stomach cells that aids digestion.

Peristaltic waves

Waves that force chyme toward and through the pyloric sphincter.

Flatus

Intestinal gas produced by bacteria in the colon during the metabolism of indigestible carbohydrates.

Erythropoietin (EPO)

A hormone secreted by the kidneys when blood oxygen levels are low.

Insulin

A humoral hormone sensitive to blood levels that is released when blood glucose levels rise.

Glucagon

A humoral hormone released when blood glucose levels drop.

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

A hormone released when blood calcium levels are too low.

Calcitonin

A hormone released when blood calcium levels are too high.

Aldosterone

A hormone released when blood potassium levels rise or sodium levels drop.

Embryo

The developing organism from $2$ weeks until the end of the $8th$ week of development.

Implantation

The process where a zygote becomes embedded in the walls of the womb after traveling down the Fallopian tube.