1.6 | Organization of the Human Body

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What are the major axial body cavities?

Cranial cavity, vertebral canal (spinal cavity), thoracic cavity, abdominopelvic cavity

What does the cranial cavity house?

The brain

What does the vertebral canal contain?

The spinal cord, enclosed by vertebrae

Where is the thoracic cavity located?

Chest area, above diaphragm

Where is the abdominopelvic cavity located?

Below diaphragm

What are the organs within thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities called?

Viscera

Which organs are in the mediastinum?

Heart, esophagus, trachea, thymus

What organs are on either side of the mediastinum?

Lungs

Which organs are in the abdominal cavity?

Stomach, liver, spleen, gallbladder, kidneys, small & large intestines

Which organs are in the pelvic cavity?

Terminal large intestine, urinary bladder, internal reproductive organs

What organs are in the oral cavity?

Teeth, tongue

What organs are in the nasal cavity?

Nasal passages and sinuses

What organs are in the orbital cavities?

Eyes, associated muscles & nerves

What organs are in the tympanic cavities?

Middle ear bones

What are serous membranes?

Thin membranes that secrete slippery fluid to reduce friction

What are the pleura?

Serous membranes lining the thoracic cavity and covering lungs

What is the parietal pleura?

Lines thoracic wall

What is the visceral pleura?

Covers the lungs

What is the pleural cavity?

Space between parietal and visceral pleura

What is the pericardium?

Serous membrane surrounding the heart

What is the visceral pericardium (epicardium)?

Covers the heart

What is the parietal pericardium?

Outer sac around the heart

What is the pericardial cavity?

Space between visceral and parietal pericardium

What is the fibrous pericardium?

Outer connective tissue layer surrounding the pericardium

What is the peritoneum?

Serous membrane lining the abdominopelvic cavity and covering abdominal organs

What is the parietal peritoneum?

Lines the cavity wall

What is the visceral peritoneum?

Covers abdominal organs

What is the peritoneal cavity?

Space between parietal and visceral peritoneum

What organs are in the integumentary system?

Skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, sebaceous glands

What are the functions of the integumentary system?

Protect tissues, regulate temperature, house sensory receptors, synthesize products

What organs are in the skeletal system?

Bones, ligaments, cartilages

What are the functions of the skeletal system?

Framework, protection, blood cell production, mineral storage

What organs are in the muscular system?

Muscles

What are the functions of the muscular system?

Movement, posture, heat production

What organs are in the nervous system?

Brain, spinal cord, nerves, sense organs

What are the functions of the nervous system?

Rapid communication, detect changes, stimulate muscles & glands

What organs are in the endocrine system?

Pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries, testes, pineal gland, thymus

What are the functions of the endocrine system?

Hormone secretion for long-term regulation

What organs are in the cardiovascular system?

Heart, arteries, veins, capillaries, blood

What are the functions of the cardiovascular system?

Transport gases, nutrients, hormones, wastes

What organs are in the lymphatic system?

Lymph vessels, nodes, thymus, spleen, lymph fluid

What are the functions of the lymphatic system?

Return fluids, transport fats, defend against infection

What organs are in the digestive system?

Mouth, tongue, teeth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, small & large intestines

What are the functions of the digestive system?

Break down & absorb food, eliminate waste

What organs are in the respiratory system?

Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

What are the functions of the respiratory system?

Gas exchange (O₂ in, CO₂ out)

What organs are in the urinary system?

Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra

What are the functions of the urinary system?

Remove waste from blood, regulate water/electrolytes, store & eliminate urine

What organs are in the male reproductive system?

Scrotum, testes, epididymides, ductus deferentia, seminal vesicles, prostate, bulbourethral glands, urethra, penis

What are the functions of the male reproductive system?

Produce sperm, transfer sperm, secrete hormones

What organs are in the female reproductive system?

Ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, clitoris, vulva

What are the functions of the female reproductive system?

Produce oocytes, receive sperm, support embryo/fetus, function in birth, secrete hormones