Ap Bio- Chapter 7 Cellular Respiration

phosphorylation

making ATP by adding a phosphorous to ADP

chemosynthesis

making substances with chemicals, without oxygen

• first life assumed to have made energy with chemicals because light was scarce

cellular respiration

organisms make their own energy by consuming food and breaking it down (catabolism)

energy is formed in 2 ways: aerobic, anaerobic

• most cells use both

oxidative phosporylation

oxygen is added to make ATP

oxidative photophosphorylation

oxygen is added to make light ATP

aerobic

energy made with oxygen (makes more)

used when your heart rate and breathing rate is up (known as exercise)

anaerobic

energy made without oxygen

used during the first 1-2 minutes of exercise

doesn’t make as much energy as aerobic

glycolysis

the compund glucose is too big to cross the mitochondria membrane so it has to be broken down

• broken down during ________ to form 2 ATP and 2 pyruvate (or pyruvic acid)

before respiration

• small amount of energy is needed so respiration can begin

• takes place in the cytoplasm; products move into the mitochondria to make ATP

• before respiration, pyruvic acid must be changed to a usable form

C6H12O6 (glucose) + 2 ATP ——> 2 PGAL (pyruvate and hydrogen) + 2 NAD ——> 4 ATP (only 2 are gained), 2 pyruvate, 2 NADH + 2H

after glycolysis and pryuvate is made, it enters the mitochondria

1. pyruvic acid (3 carbons) splits in a series of reactions, releasing one carbon which bonds with oxygen and forms carbon dioxide

2. CO2 is released into the air

3. NAD also bonds with pyruvic acid and releases NADH + H

4. what is left of the Pyruvic acid bonds with CoA (coenzyme A) and becomes Acetyl CoA

pryuvic acid (CCC) ——> enters mitochondria ——> pyruvic acid (CCC) releases a carbon and bonds with CoA (makes Acetyl CoA) (released carbon bonds with O2 to make CO2) (NAD picks up an H and makes NADH + H)

The Krebs Cycle

also called Citric Acid Cycle

1. Acetyl CoA is now in the mitochondria. It meets up with a compound called Oxaloacetic acid (OAA) which has 4 carbon in it (Acetyl acid has 2 carbon and OAA has 4 carbon ——> 6 carbon compound called citric acid

2. 6 carbon compound (citric acid) brings in NAD protein molecules.

3. NAD takes two hydrogens from citric acid and becomes NADH + H and is released from the cycle

4. citric acid releases a carbon. carbon finds 2 oxygen and becomes CO2 (released into the air)

5. now citric acid is a 5-carbon compound. releases another carbon which bonds with O2 (CO2)

6. NAD enters and takes 2H —> NADH +H→ released

7. ADP comes in and grabs phosphorus (makes ATP through phosphorylation)

8. now a 4-carbon compound. FAD (new electron carrier) takes 2 hydrogen —→ FADH2 —→ released

9. 4 carbon compound releases 2H ——> NAD picks it up ——> NADH + H

   • 4 carbon compound is now Oxaloacetic acid (OOA)

summary of Krebs cycle

one turn of the cycle produces

• one ATP

• 3 NADH

• 3 H+

• 1 FADH2

• 2 CO2

cycle goes around 2 times for one glucose molecule

mitochondria parts

they contain their own ribosome and DNA

combined with their double membrane, these features suggest that they might have once been free-living prokaryotes that were engulfed by a larger cell

matrix, inner membrane, outer mitochondria membrane, inner mitochondrial membrane, cristae

matrix

rich with the enzymes necessary for aerobic respiration

site of ATP synthesis, oxidative phosphorylation, and the location of the Krebs cycle

inner membrane

rich with the enzymes necessary for aerobic respiration

holds protons that are pumped out of the matrix during electron transport

outer mitochondrial membrane

allows for the establishment of the inner membrane space

inner mitochondrial membrane

organizes the electron transport chain and holds ATP synthase

cristae

expand the surface area of the inner mitochondrial membrane, enhancing its ability to produce ATP

electron transport chain

takes place in the cristae

electrons are passed from protein to protein (NAD+ and FAD+) releasing energy

energy is used in 2 ways: used directly to make ATP, or used by an enzyme to transport H+ into the center of the mitochondria

fermentation

2 types: lactic acid (animals), and alcohol (plants)

anaerobic

lactic acid fermentation

lactic acid build up due to not breathing enough oxygen——> leads to muscle contraction and cramps

goes through glycolysis

• makes 2 ATP. NAD becomes 2 NADH + H. 2 Pyruvate is made. then 2 lactic acids are produced

• no oxygen is used!!!

alcohol fermentation

goes through glycolysis

• makes 2 ATP. NAD becomes 2 NADH + H. 2 Pyruvate is made (has 3 carbons).

  • one carbon in pyruvate is released and bonds with O2 to make CO2

• 2 pyruvate with 2 carbon now is 2 Acetaldehyde (2 carbon)

• 2 acetaldehyde makes 2 ethanol (ethyl alcohol)

ETC

1. NADH drops off its H and FADH2 drops off its 2H

2. hydrogens are picked up by protein electron carriers and are passed down the ETC

3. outer membrane of mitochondria becomes positively charged due to the H+ that enters the area

4. mitochondrial matrix is neg. due to the electrons that are still there

5. at the bottom of the ETC, H bonds with oxygen (forms water)

6. energized electrons are able to take ADP and make ATP

produced from ETC

each NADH produces 3 ATP molecules (some studies only say 2) and each FADH2 produces 2 ATP molecules

produces a total of 34 ATP, plus the 2 from the Krebs cycle and 2 from glycolysis to make 38 ATP

why is glycolysis the oldest process used for energy

occurs in the cytoplasm so a prokaryotic cell can go through this process

makes energy but not a lot

anaerobic (without oxygen)

primary difference between a circular pathway and a linear pathway

circular is a cyclical process so it repeats like in the Krebs cycle

substrate level phosphorylation vs oxidative phosphorylation

substrate does not use oxygen but oxidative does

oxidation

Oxidation is a chemical process in which a substance loses electrons, resulting in an increase in its oxidation state. It often involves the addition of oxygen or the removal of hydrogen from a compound. Oxidation reactions are commonly associated with the production of heat and light, such as in combustion reactions. They are also important in biological systems, such as cellular respiration.

loss of electrons

reduction

electron gain

study pic of lactic acid fermentation, carbons in chart, and electron transport pic in textbook. also the crossword and fill-in-the-blank worksheet

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