Cariology and Preventive Therapies: Lecture 1

What is included in eukaryotic microbes?

fungi, molds, yeasts, parasites, worms

are eukaryotes single celled, multi cellular, or both?

both

what is included in prokaryotic microbes?

bacteria

Are bacteria single celled, multi cellular, or both?

single celled (but may exist in groups or chains)

What is included in acellular microbes?

viruses

structure of a virus

nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) surrounded by protein

what are the smallest microbes

viruses

what type or magnification is needed to see eukaryotic molecules

100x and 400x magnificationehat is required to clearly observe eukaryotic cells and structures

what type of magnification is needed to see bacteria?

1000x magnification under oil immersion

what magnification is needed to see viruses

electron microscopy

_____ species are the primary inhabitant of dental plaque and causitive agents of dental caries

bacteriaDental plaque microbial

are eukaryotes larger or smaller than bacteria

larger

what does the eukaryotic cell include

nucleus and other membrane bound organelles

what does the prokaryotic cell include

nucleiod, no organelles

what is included in the genome of eukaryotes

diploid DNA

what is included in the genome of prokaryotes

single, circular chromosome

Do eukaryotes have a cell wall

no, they have a membraneD

Do eukaryotic or prokaryotic membranes contain sterols (cholestrol)?

Eukaryotic (prokaryotic cells have no sterols)

ribosome type eukaryotes

80s (60S+40S)

ribosome type prokaryote

70S (50S+30S)

where does translation take place in eukaryotes

mRNA must exit the nucleus and go to the ribosomes to be translated

where does translation take place in prokaryotes

transcription and translation take place at the same time whein the cytosol

where does cellular respiration take place eukaryotes

mitochondria

where does cellular respiration take place in prokaryotes

plasma membrane

what type of reproduction takes place in eukaryotes

sexual and asexual

what type of reproduction takes place in prokaryotes

asexual

gram stain process

fixation

add crystal violet

add iodine treatment

decolorization

counter stain (safranin

what color does gram positive bacteria turn after gram stain

purple

why is gram positive bacteria stained purple

The thick outer layer of peptidoglycan traps the crystal violet, not allowing it to be washed away

what color is gram negative bacteria in a gram stain

pink

why is gram negative bacteria pink in a gram stain

their thin peptidoglycan cell wall and outer lipopolysaccharide (LPS) membrane are unable to retain the primary crystal violet stain during the decolorization step

what are the layers of the cell wall in gram positive bacteria

thick peptidoglycan layer and inner cell membranew

what are the layers of the cell wall in gram negative bacteria

outer membrane, thin peptidoglycan, inner membrane

Is LPS apart of gram positive or negative bateria

gram negative on the outside of the outer membrane layer

what is LPS

endotoxin - component of almost all gram negatives

when does LPS act as an endotoxin

only acts as an endotoxin when released from lysed bacterial cells

what part of LPS is the most toxic

lipid A portion

what is the function of normal flora

strengthens our immune system

synthesizes certain vitamins

helps reduce the opportunity for colonization with pathogenic species (takes up space so bad bacteria cannot colonize)

bacteria that can cause disease are called

pathogens

properties of bacteria that make the host sick are called

virulence factors

how can normal flora cause disease

overgrowth

normal flora entering normally sterile areas

weakening of host defenses

opportunistic infection

an infection that does not normally cause infection - take places when the immune system is weakend

dental caries and periodontal disease are considered ________ infections

opportunistic

List these terms from biggest to smallest: Antibody, Enzyme, Virus, Eukaryotic cell, Prokaryotic cell

Eukaryotic Prokaryotic Virus Antibody Enzyme

Gram negative, gram positive, cell wall-less, archaebacteria

Eukaryotic Prokaryotic Virus Antibody Enzyme

Eukaryotic

Euk vs Prok, these generally are greater than 5um

Euk vs Prok, these have a cytoplasmic membrane that contains sterols

Eukayotes

Euk vs Prok, these are generall 0.5-3 um

prokaryotes

these are the two ways that bacteria can be visualized without staining them

darkfield, phase contrast

A protein-carbohydrate compound that makes the cell walls of bacteria rigid

peptidoglycan

periplasm

this is the gell like space in between the peptidoglycan layer and the inner membrane of gram negative bacteria

Lipopolysaccharides

these are carbohydrates bound to lipids, and they are present on the membranes of Gram NEGATIVE bacteria only

Cross-linking

this is the connection between amino acid side chains in petidoglycan, it is direct in gram negatives, but via a penta-glycine bridge in gram positive

Gram positives are _______(more/less) extensively cross-linked than gram negatives

more

this is a toxin that only acts as itself when it is released from lysed bacterial cells and is responsible for septic shock

endotoxin

In the skin, the species that are mostly present are gram ____________(positive/negative), bacterial concentrations are modest, and _________(higher/lower) in moist and hairy areas

gram positive, higher

The lungs are generally _________________(gram positive, gram negative, sterile)

sterile

these areas have thw highest amount of bacteria than anywhere except for the colon

oral cavity, upper respiratory tract

The eyes have (a lot/very little ) bacteria

very little

in the GI tract, the stomach harbors ____ (many/few) bacteria, small intestine has ____ (more/less) than the stomach, and the colon has ______ (a lot/ not many) bacteria, and are mostly anaerobic gram ____ (positive/negative) rods, but also have gram ______(negative/positive) cocci and rods

few

more

a lot

negative

positive

virulence factors

these are properties of bacteria than can make the host sick

dysbiosis

this is the altered composition of the microbiome that can lead to caries