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1926 event in Britain where coal miners stopped working, leading to other unions supporting them. Failed effort, lost popular support.
General Strike
First British Prime Minister from the Labour party, implemented worker rights and welfare programs post WW1.
MacDonald
Region in Germany where France took control in 1922-1923 due to Germany's inability to pay reparations.
Ruhr
Plan to revive the German economy by providing US loans to Germany for reparations, which facilitated a circular flow of money.
Dawes
The economic crisis that began with the US stock market crash in 1929 and continued through the 1930s.
Great Depression
French political alliance after WW1 uniting republicans, communists, socialists, and radicals against the conservative right.
Popular Front
A political system with complete government control over citizens' lives, facilitated by communication and transportation technologies.
Totalitarianism
A far-right political system under a dictator emphasizing extreme nationalism and intolerance of opposition, allowing capitalism.
Fascism
Lenin's 1921 policy re-establishing limited economic freedom to rebuild agriculture and industry.
New Economic Policy
Stalin's policy aimed at rebuilding the Soviet economy by improving heavy industry and farm output.
Five Year Plan
Stalin's policy that transformed individual farms into large collective operations controlled by the government.
Collectivization
Wealthy Russian peasants who opposed Stalin's agricultural policies and were eliminated during his rule.
Kulaks
The Communist Party newspaper that served as propaganda, ironically translating to 'truth'.
Pravda
Russian filmmaker who used his skills to create propaganda that supported totalitarian authority.
Sergei Eisenstein
Mass arrests and executions under Stalin from 1936 to 1938 aimed at eliminating opposition.
The Great Terror/Purge
Mussolini's private fascist army that attacked socialists and disrupted opposition.
Black Shirts (Squadristi)
Fascist after-work social clubs used in Italy as part of totalitarian control over people's lives.
Il Dopalavoro
Agreement between Mussolini and the Pope recognizing Mussolini's government in exchange for financial compensation.
Lateran Pact
Hitler's expansionist theory seeking 'living space' for the German people through territorial acquisition.
Lebensraum
Adolf Hitler's book written during incarceration outlining his beliefs and goals for Germany.
Mein Kampf
Nazi ultra-militaristic private army, also known as stormtroopers, with elite forces called the SS.
Brown Shirts (SA)
Nazi Germany's propaganda minister who played a key role in the persecution of Jews.
(Joseph) Goebbels
Filmmaker who created documentary propaganda for Hitler, including 'The Triumph of the Will'.
Leni Riefenstahl
Organizations established to indoctrinate German youth with Nazi beliefs, showcasing totalitarian control.
Hitler Youth
1935 laws defining Jews' status and stripping citizenship from non-German individuals.
Nuremberg Laws
November 9, 1938 event where mobs attacked Jewish property and terrorized Jewish people across Germany.
Kristallnacht
1942 meeting where the Nazi plan for the 'Final Solution' and use of concentration camps was decided.
Wannsee Conference
Methodical plan by Hitler for the extermination of Jews, non-conformists, and other targeted groups.
Holocaust
System where nations act together to maintain peace, discussed before WWII but ineffective.
Collective Security
Treaties like the Locarno Pact and Kellog Briand Pact from the 1920s that aimed to ensure peace but failed.
Paper Agreements
African country that resisted Italian imperialism in the late 19th century but was invaded by Italy in 1935.
Ethiopia
Conflict in the 1930s involving General Franco's fascist forces against the republican government.
Spanish Civil War
The alliance of Germany, Italy, and Japan during World War II.
Axis Powers
Spanish town bombed during the civil war, famously depicted in Picasso's artwork.
Guernica
Demilitarized region occupied by Hitler in 1936, signifying pre-WWII aggression overlooked by the League.
Rhineland
1938 conference where European leaders attempted to appease Hitler by conceding the Sudetenland.
Munich
British Prime Minister who endorsed appeasement and believed he secured 'Peace For Our Time'.
(Neville) Chamberlain
Temporary non-aggression agreement between Germany and Russia before WWII.
Nazi-Soviet Pact
Country invaded by Germany on September 1, 1939, leading to the declaration of war and start of WWII.
Poland
Fast-moving warfare strategy used by Germany to quickly defeat opponents by coordinated attacks.
Blitzkrieg
The 'Free French' movement led by General Charles De Gaulle during WWII.
Resistance
British statesman who led Britain predominantly during World War II.
(Winston) Churchill
British term for the German air raids on cities during World War II.
The Blitz
The German air force operating before and during World War II.
Luftwaffe
June 6, 1944, when Allied forces launched a massive invasion of Normandy during WWII.
D-Day