Anatomy Chapters 5 & 6

Integumentary System & Skeletal System

What are the structures of the integumentary system?

skin, hair, nails, glands, and smooth muscle (arrector pili)

What is the smooth muscle called that is an accessory organ that is part of the integumentary system?

arrector pili

What are the functions of the integumentary system?

sensation, temperature regulation, vitamin D, excretion, and protection

What systems help produce vitamin D?

integumentary, digestive, and urinary systems

Is the hypodermis part of skin?

No

Pacinian corpuscle

senses pressure touch

Meissner corpuscle

senses two-point discrimination (found close to epidermis)

Free nerve ending

detects pain

Merkel cells

detects light touch and superficial touch

stratum corneum

1st layer, the most superficial layer, squamous cells joined by desmosomes called confined cells, keratin

stratum lucidum

2nd layer, transparent, thin/clear zone of dead keratinocytes, found only in thick skin of the palms and soles

keratin

a protein that makes skin waterproof

stratum granulosum

3rd layer, granules, two to five layers of flattened/diamond-shaped cells, contains protein granules of keratohyalin that accumulate in the cytoplasm

stratum spinosum

4th layer, spiny edges/projections, eight to ten layers of many-sided cells that flatten as they are pushed upward

stratum basale

5th layer, germinativum, deepest portion of epidermis, and single layer of cuboidal or columnar cells, forms base of epidermis

Which layer in the epidermis has highest rate of mitotic activity?

stratum basale

What is the order from the layers going from most superficial to deepest?

stratum corneum, lucidum, granulosum, spinosum, basale

Give example of thick skin that has stratum lucidum. (E.C. #1)

palms or sole of feet

How many layers of skin does thin skin have?

4 layers, corneum, granulosum, spinosum, and basale, not lucidum

What type of skin includes fingertips and footprints?

thick skin

Which skin is more flexible and allows for growth of hair?

thin skin

What is a callus? (E.C. #2)

it is an increase in number of layers in the stratum corneum

Does a person with a darker complexion have more melanocytes than a person with a lighter complexion?

No

Sebaceous gland

produce oil substance

Sweat gland

produce sweat

Ceruminous gland

produce earwax

Mammary gland

produce milk

How to spell the anatomical name for cuticle

e-p-o-n-y-c-h-i-u-m

What is vasodilation?

when blood vessels dilate/increases associated with heat/sweat glands

What is vasoconstriction?

when blood vessels constricts/decreases, associated with cold/arrector pili

What helps body temperature regulate?

sweat glands, arrector pili, and blood vessels

What organs help synthesize vitamin D?

skin, liver, kidney

What is an osteocyte?

a mature bone cell that maintains the bone matrix

What kind of bone is the pointer finger (second digit) classified as? (E.C. #3)

long bone

What are the steps for bone repair/formation?

1. hematoma formation

2. callus formation

3. callus calcification (ossification)

4. remodel the bone (osteoclast, osteoblast)

What does hypocalcemia do?

when blood calcium level is low, it increases the production of parathyroid hormones

How many bones does the average adult have?

206

What bones does the axial skeleton include?

skull, mandible (lower jaw), hyoid bone (allows muscles to attach), vertebral column, sacrum, coccyx (tailbone), ribcage, sternum (breastbone)

Is the mandible part of the skull?

No, it is not part of the skull but it does articulate to the skull

What bones does the appendicular system include?

clavicle (collarbone), scapula (shoulder blade) = pectoral girdle, humerus (arm bone), ulna (medial forearm bone), radius (lateral forearm bone), carpal bones (wrist), metacarpal bones (palm bones), phalangeal bones (fingers), pelvis (hip bone), femur (thigh), tibia (medial leg bone), fibula (lateral leg bone), patella (kneecap), tarsal bones (ankle/heel), metatarsal bones (posterior arch of foot), phalanges (toes)

radius

lateral forearm bone

tibia

medial leg bone

How many carpal bones are on each hand?

8

How many metacarpal bones are on each hand?

5

How many phalangeal bones are on each hand?

14

Which digit on the hand does not have a middle bone?

1st digit (thumb)

How many phalangeal bones are on each foot?

14

Which digit on the foot does not have a middle phalangeal bone?

1st (big toe)

head

enlarged head

neck

constriction between head and body

facet

small flattened articular surface

process

prominent projection

canal/meatus

tunnel

What are the bones of the skull?

frontal bone (anterior), parietal bones (bilateral) (2), occipital bones (posterior)

Coronal suture

between the frontal and two parietal bones

Sagittal suture

between right and left parietal bones

Lambdoid suture

between the parietal bones and occipital bones

If someone has high cheekbones, what bone are they referring to?

zygomatic bone

What two bones are associated with teeth?

maxillary and mandibular

frontal bone

frontal sinus

ethmoid bone

ethmoidal sinus

sphenoid bone

sphenoidal sinus

maxilla bone

maxillary sinus

A patient comes in with a sinus headache, determine which bone does not contain paranasal sinus?

frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, maxilla. mandible does not contain paranasal sinus

What region is associated with ribs?

thoracic region

epidermis

superficial layer of stratified squamous epithelial tissue, protection/water loss, 5 layers, thinner than dermis

dermis

deep layer of connective tissue, structural strength, 2 layers, thicker than epidermis

subcutaneous tissue (hypodermis)

not part of skin, loose connective tissue that connects skin to underlying structures, adipose tissue (fatty tissue), below dermis, hypodermis

Where are most accessory organs found?

in the dermis

papillary layer

20% projects toward epidermis, thin

reticular layer

80% in dermis, thick

what are the cells of the epidermis?

keratinocytes, melanocytes, Langerhans cells

keratinocytes

most cells, produce keratin for strength

melanocytes

contribute to skin color, melanin is produced by these cells then transferred to keratinocytes, same number in all people, protects skin from UV light

Langerhans cells

part of the immune system

what 4 factors is skin color determined by?

pigments in the skin, blood circulating through the skin, thickness of stratum corneum, pigments in food (carrots)

melanin

provides for protection against UV light, colored brown to black, may be yellowish or reddish

albinism

deficiency or absence of pigment

carotene

yellow pigment from vegetables, accumulates in stratum corneum, in adipose cells of dermis, and in subcutaneous tissue

what does arrector pili do?

makes hair stand on end

what are the structures in the dermis?

nerves & sensory receptors, blood vessels, smooth muscle (arrector pili), hair follicles, glands

what are the skin structures of nails?

structure, nail body, eponychium/cuticle, matrix and nail bed, nail root, lunula

structure of nail

thin plate of layers of dead stratum corneum cells with hard keratin

nail body

stratum corneum: visible portion

eponychium/cuticle

corneum superficial to nail body, hyponychium is corneum beneath the free edge

matrix and nail bed

cells that give rise to the nail

nail root

covered by skin; extends from nail matrix

lunula

small part of nail matrix seen through the nail body as a whitish, crescent-shaped area at the base of the nail

What is the most common type of cancer?

skin cancer, comes from damage from UV radiation, amount of melanin affects likelihood of developing this cancer, lighter skinned people are at greater risk

what are the three major types of skin cancer?

basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma

basal cell carcinoma

most common, cells of stratum basal, varied appearance, cured by removal or destruction

squamous cell carcinoma

cells of stratum spinosum, varied appearance: may bleed, cured removal or destruction

melanoma

most deadly, ABCDE rule: asymmetry, border irregularity, color not uniform, diameter greater than 6mm, evolving or changing, and may arise from pre-existing mole

first degree burn

superficial, involves epidermis only

second degree burn

partial thickness, involves epidermis and part of dermis

third degree burn

full-thickness, involves epidermis and complete dermis

fourth degree burn

involves damage to bones and muscles

rule of 9s for burns

head region (front and back) =9%, chest=9%, anterior arms =9%, posterior arms =9%, abdomen =9%, genital area =1%, anterioral legs =9%, posterior legs =9%, upper back =9%, lower back =9%, so 11 × 9 = 99 +1 = 100% (question on being a doctor in burn unit)

what are the components of the skeletal system?

bones, cartilages (found at tips of long bones as articulating cartilages), tendons (attach skeletal muscles to bones), ligaments (attach bone to bone)

what are the functions of the skeletal system?

body support, organ protection, body movement, mineral storage, and blood cell production