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The Cultural Landscape 13th Edition, Rubenstien
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Abiotic
Composed of nonliving or inorganic matter
Absolute location
Description of the position of a place in a way that never changes, such as geographic coordinates of latitude and longitude
Acculturation
The process of changes in culture that result from the meeting of two groups, each of which retains distinct cultural features
Assimilation
The process by which a group’s cultural features are altered to resemble those of another group
Atmosphere
The thin layer of gases surrounding Earth
Behavioral geography
An approach to human geography that emphasizes the importance of understanding the psychological basis for individual human actions in space
Bioshpere
All living organisms on Earth, including plants and animals, as well as microorganisms
Biotic
Composed of living organisms
Cartography
The science of making maps
Choropleth map
A map in which areas are shaded or patterned in proportion to the measurement of the variable
Citizen science
Scientific research by amateur scientists
Climate
The long-term average weather condition at a particular location
Concentration
The extent of a feature’s spread over a given area
Connection
The relationships among people and objects across the barrier of space
Conservation
The sustainable management of a natural resource to meet human needs
Contagious diffusion
The rapid, widespread diffusion of a feature or trend throughout a population
Coordinated Universal Time
Also known as GMT, the time zone encompassing the prime meridian, or 0° longitude
Cultural ecology
A geographic approach that emphasizes human-environment relationships
Cultural landscape
An approach to geography that emphasizes the relationships among social and physical phenomena in a particular study area
Culture
The body of customary beliefs, material traits, and social forms that together constitutes the distinct tradition of a group of people
Density
The frequency with which something exists within a given unit of area
Diffusion
The process by which a feature spreads from one place to another over time
Distance decay
The diminished importance and eventual disappearance of a phenomenon with increasing distance from its origin
Distribution
The arrangement of something across Earth’s surface
Dot distribution map
A map that depicts data that consists of discrete observations. Each dot represents a predetermined number of observations, which could be one or many
Ecology
The scientific study of ecosystems
Environmental determinism
A nineteenth and early twentieth century approach to the study of geography which argued that the general laws sought by human geographers could be found in the physical sciences. Geography was therefore the study of how the physical environment caused human activities
Expansion diffusion
The spread of a feature or trend among people from one area to another in an additive process
Formal/uniform region
An area in which most people share in one or more distinctive characteristics
Functional/nodal region
An area organized around a node or focal point
GIScience
Analysis of data about Earth acquired through satellite and other electronic information technologies
GIS
A computer system that captures, stores, queries, and displays geographical data
Geotagging
Identification and storage of a piece of information by its precise latitude and longitude coordinates
GPS
A system that determines the precise position of something on Earth through a series of satellites, tracking stations, and receivers
Globalization
Actions or processes that involve the entire world and result in making something worldwide in scope
Graduated symbol map
A map that displays symbols that change in size according to the value of the variable
Hearth
A place from which an innovation originates
Hierarchical diffusion
The spread of a feature or trend from one key person or node of authority or power to other people or places
Humanistic geography
An approach to human geography that emphasizes the different wats that individuals form ideas about place and give those places symbolic meanings
Hydrosphere
All of the water on and near Earth’s surface
International Date Line
An arc that for the most part follows 180° longitude. When it is crossed heading east (toward America), the clock moves back 24 hours, or one entire day. When it is crossed heading west (toward Asia), the calendar moves ahead one day
Isoline map
A map that connects places of a particular value by lines
Latitude
The numbering system used to indicate the location of parallels drawn on a globe and measuring distance north and south of the equator (0°)
Lithosphere
Earth’s crust and a portion of upper mantle directly below the crust
Location
The position of anything on Earth’s surface
Longitude
The numbering system used to indicate the location of meridians drawn on a globe and measuring distance east and west of the prime meridian (0°)
Map
A two-dimensional, or flat, representation of Earth’s surface or a portion of it
Map scale
The relationship between the size of an object on a map and the size of the actual feature on Earth’s surface
Mashup
A map that overlays data from one source on top of a map provided by a mapping service
Meme
Contagious diffusion through the Internet or social media
Mental map
A representation of a portion or Earth’s surface based on what an individual knows about a place that contains personal impressions of what is in the place and where the place is located
Meridian
An arc drawn on a map between the North and South poles
Network
A chain of communication that connects places
Nonrenewable resource
A resource that is produced in nature more slowly than it is consumed by humans
Parallel
A circle drawn around the globe parallel to the equator and at right angles to the meridians
Participatory GIS (PGIS)
Community-based mapping, representing local knowledge and information
Pattern
The geometric or regular arrangement of something in a particular area
Photogrammetry
The science of taking measurements of Earth’s surface from photographs
Place
A specific point on Earth, distinguished by a particular characteristic
Possibilism
The theory that the physical environment may set limits on human actions, but people have the ability to adjust to the physical environment and choose a course of action from many alternatives
Poststructuralist geography
Geographic approach that examines how the powerful in a society dominate, or seek to control, less powerful groups, how the dominated groups occupy space, and confrontations that result from the domination
Preservation
The maintenance of resources in their present condition, with as little human impact as possible
Prime meridian
The meridian, designated as 0° longitude, that passes through the Royal Observatory at Greenwich, England
Projection
An system used to transfer location from Earth’s surface to a flat map
Region
An area distinguished by one or more distinctive characteristics
Relocation diffusion
The spread of a feature or trend through bodily movement of people from one place to another
Remote sensing
The acquisition of data about Earth’s surface from a satellite orbiting the planet or from other long-distance methods
Renewable resource
A resource that is produced in nature more rapidly than it is consumed by humans
Resource
A substance in the environment that is useful to people, is economically technologically feasible to access, and is socially acceptable to use
Scale
The relationship between the portion of Earth being studied and Earth as whole
Site
The physical character of a place
Situation/relative location
The location of a place relative to another place
Space
The physical gap or interval between two objects
Space-time compression
The reduction in the time it takes to diffuse something to a distant place as a result of improved communications and transportation systems
Spatial association
The relationship between the distribution of one feature and the distribution of another feature
Stimulus diffusion
The spread of an underlying principle
Sustainability
The use of Earth’s renewable and nonrenewable natural resources in ways that do not constrain resource use in the future
Syncretism
The combining of elements of two groups into a new cultural feature
Toponym
The name given to a portion of Earth’s surface
Transnational corporation
A company that conducts research, operates factories, and sells products in many countries, no just where its headquarters or shareholders are located
Uneven development
The increasing gap in economic conditions between core and peripheral regions as a result of the globalization of the economy
Vernacular/perceptual region
An area that people believe exists as part of their cultural identity
VGI
Creation and dissemination of geographic data contributed voluntarily and for free by individuals