WJEC Biology 2.8 Disease, Defence and Treatment (Separates)

Pathogen

What is the name for microbes that cause disease?

Bacteria, Virus, Fungi, Protozoa

What are the four types of pathogens?

Contact, Aerosol, Body fluids, Water, Contaminated foods, Insects

What are five ways that diseases can be spread?

Human Immunodeficiency virus(HIV)

Which virus causes AIDS?

Bacteria

What type of micro-organism causes chlamydia?

Sexual intercourse

How is chlamydia spread?

Antibiotics

How can chlamydia be treated?

Plasmodium

What causes malaria?

Female mosquitoes bite humans

How is malaria spread?

Destroys red blood cells

How does the plasmodium affect humans?

Insecticide, Release infertile males, Biological control, Nets and repellents

How can the spread of malaria be prevented?

Defend the body against microbes

What is the job of the white blood cells?

Clot the blood, form a barrier to prevent microbes from entering

What is the job of the platelets in the blood?

lymphocytes

Which type of white blood cells produce antibodies and antitoxins?

Phagocytes

Which type of white blood cells ingest bacteria?

Antigen

What is the name of the molecule on the surface of the pathogen which triggers a response from white blood cells?

vaccinations

What can be used to protect humans from infectious disease? (often given in the form of an injection)

Antigens from the disease causing organism in the form of non-active microorganisms

What does a vaccine contain?

Memory cells

How do lymphocytes remember antigens?

Bacteria and fungi, DO NOT KILL VIRUSES!!

What type of microbes do antibiotics kill?

Penicillin

Name a common antibiotic

Living organisms such as fungi

Where did antibiotics originally come from?

Synthetic

What word describes antibiotics that have been chemically modified?

Antibiotic resistant

What do you call bacteria that are no longer killed by antibiotics?

MRSA

Name one type of bacteria that is resistant to antibiotic

Not finishing a course of antibiotics, Overuse in farming

How have people been responsible the development of resistant bacteria?

Mutation in DNA

How was the resistance formed?

Hand washing, Thorough cleaning of hospital wards, Alcohol gels

How can the spread of MRSA be controlled?

To make sure they work, To see if there are any side effects

Why do new drugs have to be tested before use?

Tissue samples, Animals, Human trials

How are new drugs tested?

Cruel to animals, Animals have not given consent, Animals might respond differently to humans

What are the ethical issues involved with testing drugs on animals?

Double blind trial

In what type of drug test do the patients and the doctors not know what the pill contains?

Placebo

A pill not containing the drug being tested is known as a what?