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These flashcards cover key concepts from behaviorism, classical and operant conditioning, sleep stages, and memory processes, providing definitions and explanations for each term.
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Behaviorism
A perspective that focuses on observable behaviors and how we learn them.
Classical Conditioning
A learning process where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response.
Unconditioned Stimulus (US)
A stimulus that naturally triggers a response without prior learning.
Unconditioned Response (UR)
An innate response that occurs as a result of an unconditioned stimulus.
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
A previously neutral stimulus that, after being paired with an unconditioned stimulus, begins to elicit a conditioned response.
Conditioned Response (CR)
A learned response to a previously neutral stimulus that has become a conditioned stimulus.
Operant Conditioning
A method of learning that involves making an association between a voluntary behavior and its consequence.
Reinforcement
Any stimulus that increases the probability of a behavior reoccurring.
Punishment
Any stimulus that decreases the likelihood of a behavior occurring again.
Primary Reinforcer
An innately satisfying stimulus, such as food.
Secondary Reinforcer
A stimulus that derives its reinforcement value from its association with a primary reinforcer.
Fixed Ratio Schedule
A schedule of reinforcement where a reward is given after a specific number of responses.
Variable Ratio Schedule
A schedule of reinforcement where a reward is given after an unpredictable number of responses.
Circadian Rhythms
Biological rhythms that regulate sleep-wake cycles and other bodily functions.
NREM Sleep
Non-rapid eye movement sleep associated with memory consolidation and physical repair.
REM Sleep
Rapid eye movement sleep associated with dreaming and emotional processing.
Memory Consolidation
The process by which short-term memories are transformed into long-term storage.
Engrams
The physical representations or neurobiological changes in the brain that correspond to memories.
Chunking
The process of organizing information into manageable units to enhance memory retention.
Deep Processing
A method of encoding information based on its meaningfulness rather than its surface characteristics.
Spacing Effect
The observation that information is better retained when learning occurs over longer time intervals.
Retrieval Practice
The technique of recalling information as a means to enhance long-term memory retention.