somatic mod 1 joints and arthrology

What does functional classification of a joint describe

How much movement the joint allows

What are the 3 functional classifications of joints

Synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, and diarthrosis

What is a synarthrosis

A joint with no movement

What is an amphiarthrosis

A joint with a small amount of movement

What is a diarthrosis

A joint with a lot of movement

What are the 3 structural classifications of joints

Fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial joints

What tissue holds fibrous joints together

Tough, dense fibrous connective tissue

What functional classification are almost all fibrous joints

Synarthroses

How can fibrous joints be pictured simply

The bones are basically 'glued together' by fibrous connective tissue

What are the 4 main types of fibrous joints

Suture, syndesmosis, schindylesis, and gomphosis

What are the 5 types of sutures

Serrate, denticulate, squamosal, limbus, and plane

What is a serrate suture

A saw-like or interlocking suture; example: between the parietal bones

What is a denticulate suture

A tooth-like interlocking suture; example: the lambdoid suture between the parietal and occipital bones

What is a squamosal suture

Two flat surfaces overlapping; example: the squamosal suture between the parietal and temporal bones

What is a limbus suture

A serrated and overlapping suture; example: the frontal suture between the frontal and parietal bones

What is a plane suture

Rough, flat surfaces against each other; example: most facial bones

What is a syndesmosis

A fibrous joint where bones are parallel and relatively far apart; it is the fibrous type on the map that allows a little movement

What functional classification is a syndesmosis

Amphiarthrotic

What are examples of syndesmosis joints

Distal tibiofibular joint and distal radioulnar joint

What is a schindylesis joint

A wedge-and-groove fibrous joint; example: vomer and sphenoid

What is a gomphosis joint

A nail-and-socket fibrous joint; example: teeth

What holds cartilaginous joints together

Cartilage

How much movement do cartilaginous joints allow

No movement or a small amount of movement; they can be synarthrotic or amphiarthrotic

What are the 2 types of cartilaginous joints

Synchondrosis and symphysis

What is a synchondrosis joint

A cartilaginous joint joined by a small amount of hyaline cartilage

What functional classification is a synchondrosis

Synarthrotic

What are examples of synchondrosis joints

Costosternal junction and growth plate

What is a symphysis joint

A cartilaginous joint joined by a disc or plate of fibrocartilage

What functional classification is a symphysis

Amphiarthrotic

What are examples of symphysis joints

Pubic symphysis and intervertebral disc

What defines a synovial joint structurally

The bones are joined by a joint capsule and contain a synovial cavity (joint space)

What functional classification are synovial joints

Diarthroses/diarthrodial joints; they allow a large amount of movement

What are the 3 main parts of a synovial joint on the mind map

Joint capsule, articular hyaline cartilage, and synovial cavity

What is the outer part of the synovial joint capsule

The outer fibrous capsule, continuous with tendons and ligaments; shown as the white part in the photos on the mind map

What is the inner synovial membrane

The inner layer of the joint capsule that secretes synovial fluid; shown as the pink part in the photos on the mind map

What is articular hyaline cartilage

Smooth cartilage lining the surfaces of bones within the joint; the 'white-capped' part of the bone in the mind map photos

What is the synovial cavity

The open joint space where movement occurs; it contains synovial fluid

What are the 2 ways to classify synovial joints

By the number of bones/articular surfaces, and by shape/planes of movement

What is a simple synovial joint

A synovial joint involving 2 bones

What is a compound synovial joint

A synovial joint involving more than 2 bones

What is a complex synovial joint

A synovial joint that contains a meniscus

What are the 6 synovial joint shapes/types on the pages 4–8 mind map

Gliding/plane, hinge/ginglymus, pivot/trochoid, condyloid/ellipsoid, saddle/sellar, and spheroid/ball-and-socket

What are the surfaces of a gliding/plane joint like

Two flat or concave/convex surfaces

How does movement occur in gliding/plane joints

The surfaces glide, and larger movements can be created by multiple joints working together

What are examples of gliding/plane joints

Facet joints of the spine, intercarpal joints of the wrist, and intertarsal joints of the ankle

What are the movement characteristics of a hinge/ginglymus joint

One-directional, uniaxial movement around a transverse axis; usually flexion and extension

What are examples of hinge/ginglymus joints

Humeroulnar (elbow), interphalangeal, tibiofemoral (knee; complex joint with a meniscus), and tibiotalar joints

What is the basic structure of a pivot/trochoid joint

Typically a central bony pivot within an osteoligamentous ring; two bones are held together by a ring of connective tissue

What movement does a pivot/trochoid joint allow

One-directional, uniaxial rotational movement around a longitudinal axis

What are examples of pivot/trochoid joints

Radioulnar and atlantoaxial (C1–C2); think of a wheel spinning

How are condyloid and ellipsoid joint surfaces distinguished

Condyloid has a circular surface; ellipsoid has an oval surface

Both have concave/convex surfaces

What movement do condyloid/ellipsoid joints allow

Biaxial/two-directional movement around perpendicular axes: flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, and circumduction

What are examples of condyloid/ellipsoid joints

Radiocarpal, metacarpophalangeal, metatarsophalangeal, and atlanto-occipital joints

What is the structure of a saddle/sellar joint

Two saddle-shaped surfaces

What movement does a saddle/sellar joint allow

Two-directional movement around perpendicular axes: usually flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, and circumduction

How does a saddle/sellar joint compare with a condyloid joint

It allows similar movements but is more mobile

What are examples of saddle/sellar joints

First carpometacarpal joint of the thumb (allows opposition) and the sternoclavicular joint

What is the structure of a spheroid/ball-and-socket joint

A round ball in a concave socket

What movement does a spheroid/ball-and-socket joint allow

Multidirectional/multiaxial movement around many axes: flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, circumduction, internal/external rotation, and horizontal abduction/adduction

What are examples of spheroid/ball-and-socket joints

Femoroacetabular (hip) and glenohumeral (shoulder)

What factors on the mind map impact joint motion

Shape, size, type of articulation, menisci, labrum, articular fat pads, tendons, ligaments, bursae, accessory bones, sesamoid bones, structural/functional classification, and unique anatomy

What is the overall idea about factors impacting joint motion

All of these structures and factors influence joint motion

What is a meniscus made of

Fibrocartilage; the mind map describes it as tough but highly mobile tissue

What does a meniscus do

Acts as a cushion that controls joint motion and provides shock absorption

What does the presence of a meniscus make a synovial joint

A complex joint

What are examples of joints with a meniscus

Tibiofemoral (knee) and temporomandibular joint

What is a labrum

A fibrocartilage 'cup' that adds depth and stability to a joint

What does a labrum do besides add depth and stability

Provides shock absorption

What type of joint has a labrum according to the mind map

Ball-and-socket joints

What are examples of joints with a labrum

Femoroacetabular (hip) and glenohumeral (shoulder)

What are articular fat pads

Flexible cushions around joints that protect articular cartilage and the joint; they fill space and deform during movement

What are examples of articular fat pads

Patellofemoral: infrapatellar, suprapatellar, and prefemoral; calcaneus: precalcaneal and pre-Achilles

What type of connective tissue makes up tendons

Dense regular connective tissue

What do tendons connect

Muscle to bone, or muscle to the articular capsule, labrum, or other structures

What are tendon examples

Long head of biceps brachii and subscapularis tendon

What type of connective tissue makes up ligaments

Dense regular connective tissue

What do ligaments connect and do

bone to bone, control joint motion, and may contribute to or make up the joint capsule

What are ligament examples

ACL at the knee and anterior talofibular ligament at the ankle; the anterior talofibular ligament is sprained most often

What are bursae

Fluid-filled sacs with fluid similar to synovial fluid

What is the function of bursae

Lubrication in high-friction areas

What are examples of bursae

Subscapular, subacromial, trochanteric, and prepatellar bursae

What are accessory and sesamoid bones

Small round bones found in tendons

What do accessory and sesamoid bones do

Protect tendons by reducing stress and friction while improving leverage

What are examples of accessory and sesamoid bones on the mind map

Patella, hallux/big toes, pollex/thumb, and os fabella