Cell Reproduction

Flashcards for cell reproduction, mitosis, and meiosis.

Cell Cycle

The life span or generation time of a cell from its beginnings, through its growth and to the time when it will divide.

Cell division

another term for mitosis.

Mitosis

A form of asexual reproduction in which a parent cell divides producing two daughter cells having identical genetic components.

Somatic Cells

Normal body building cells/cells not involved in sexual reproduction, where mitosis occurs

Diploid

The full set (2n) of chromosomes characteristic of a species.

Interphase

Parent cell growth from previous division, DNA replication, preparation for division

Prophase

Old cytoskeleton breaks down, centrioles separate, replicate and migrate to opposite poles and build new cytoskeleton, chromatin condenses into chromosomes, nuclear membrane flows into E.R.

Chromatin

Combination of DNA and proteins called histones.

Chromosomes

Condensed chromatin (colored bodies) formed through a series of coiling and folding processes.

Sister Chromatids

2 replicated copies of DNA held together by a centromere.

Metaphase

Spindle apparatus forms, chromosomes pulled to metaphase plate.

Anaphase

Polar fibers lengthen, pushing poles apart. Kinetochore fibers shorten, separating chromatids from each other producing sister chromosomes.

Telophase

Sister chromosomes reach opposite poles. Nucleus begins to reform as polar and kinetochore fibers break down. Cytokinesis begins with a ring of actin microfilaments pulling in forming a cleavage furrow.

Meiosis

(reduction division) -a process in which meiocytes divide and reduce the diploid number of chromosomes to haploid, producing gametes to be used sexual reproduction.

Haploid

One half the diploid number of chromosomes

Gametes

Sex cells produced during meiosis via gametogenesis.

Gametogenesis

A process in which the gametes transition into mature, functioning sex cells. Spermatogenesis and Oogenesis.

Fertilization

Union of the male and female gametes combining two sets of genetic material, producing a zygote (fertilized egg)

Homologous Chromosomes

Matched pairs of chromosomes that contain genes for the same traits located in the same positions on the pair.

Synapsis

During Prometaphase of Meiosis I, chromosomes pair up with their homologous partner (maternal with paternal), forming a tetrad (a bundle of four chromatids), and the pair of homologous chromosomes attach to the same spindle.

Crossing-over

During synapsis in Meiosis I, homologous chromatids exchange segments with one another.

Recombinants

Chromosomes that have new combinations of genes not present in the parents, produced during crossing over

G1

Cell increases to adult size and performs its cell functions.

S

stage of Interphase, DNA replicates