ANSC 2060 Exam 3 Ritchie

DAMNIT

degenerative, developmental, anomalies, allergies, metabolic, miscellaneous, nutritional, neoplastic, infectious, inflammatory, immune-mediated, toxic, traumatic

canine TPR

temp: 100-102.5°F

pulse: 60-160 / minute

respiratory: 10-30 / minute

feline TPR

temp: 100-102.5°F

pulse: 160-240 / minute

respiratory: 20-30 / minute

vaccines

a weakened biological agent meant to stimulate an immune response

how are vaccines delivered in animals?

subq

under the skin instead of intramuscular

role of vaccination

expose the naive immune system to viral and bacterial antigens

immune system will be able to recognize illness in future

killed vaccines

immunizations that are manufactured from dead versions of pathogens

ex: rabies

MLV (modified live vaccine)

weakened pathogen replicates in host

not capable of producing disease

stimulate a strong active immunity response

intranasal

short duration of immunity (6 months)

local immunity by IgA response

ex: kennel cough

MDA

maternally derived antibody

core vaccines

considered vital to all dogs based on risk of exposure, severity of disease or transmissibility to humans

non-core vaccines

given depending on the dog's exposure risk-dogs lifestyle and geographic distribution of disease

normal reactions to vaccines

soreness, fever, and/or decreased appetite

mild reactions to vaccines

hives, rash and/or swelling

severe reactions to vaccines

anaphylaxis

vaccine failure

failure to induce protective immunity

maternal antibody persistence, vaccine mishandling, expired, ill or immunocompromised animals

abscesses

opened or closed localized area of infection, lump containing pus

area is generally warm and painful

common hair loss and/or redness

causes: bites, fights

kennel cough

Bordetella bronchiseptica

infectious tracheobronchitis

highly contagious upper respiratory infection

prevention: vaccine

lyme disease

ixodes tick transmits

humans get rashes but rare in dogs

cat scratch disease

bacterial infection of the species bartonella

causes infections in people

fleas involved

leptospirosis

spiral shaped bacteria called leptospires

zoonotic - number one disease worldwide

spread through urine

pyoderma

staphylococcus pseudintermedius

not contagious or zoonotic

mild to severe

localized hot spots

treatments: antibiotics, shampoos

mycoplasmas

bacteria that naturally lack a cell wall

mycoplasma hemofelis

infect RBCs of cats

causes feline infectious anemia

transfusions

tetracyclines treat

ehrlichiosis

transmitted by ticks

rocky mountain spotted fever

Rickettsia rickettsii

transmitted by dermacentor ticks

signs: fever, bruising/bleeding, lymphadenopathy

not a true zoonotic disease but can catch it if bitten

dermatophytosis

ringworm (zoonotic)

malassezia

yeast dermatitis

normal flora

ear canal, between toes, rectum

signs: hair loss, recurrent ear, skin infections

blastomycosis

Blastomyces dermatitidis

soil fungus

spores inhaled

young male large breed most at risk

signs: coughing, pneumonia, weight loss, skin lesions

histoplasmosis

Histoplasma capsulatum

contaminated soil with bird or bat poop

signs: coughing, fungal pneumonia, fever, diarrhea, weight loss

sporothrix

worldwide in soils rich in decaying organic matter

considered to be an emerging zoonotic disease

anatomy

form and structure of an animal

physiology

discipline that studies the way a body operates

integumentary system

skin and hair coat

many diseases manifest in skin-largest organ

functions of skin: vitamin D psychosis, metabolism, protection

2 layers to integumentary system

epidermis and dermis

epidermis

epithelial cells with keratin

avascular

dermis

deeper than epidermis

connective tissue, blood vessels, nerves, specialized muscles

appendages-sweat and sebaceous glands, hair follicles

hair

project caudally and ventrally to shed water

compound hair follicles - multiple hairs in one opening

growth occurs in cycles

influenced by: genetics, photoperiod, ambient temps, hormones, overall health

skeletal system

functions: minerals movement, circulating calcium

felines:

- short jaw to hold prey

- large eye sockets (visual hunter)

canines:

- dolichocephalic

- mesaticephalic

- brachycephalic

dolichocephalic skull

a long, narrow skull (Greyhound)

mesaticephalic skull

medium skull (Labrador)

brachycephalic skull

broad skull base and short length (e.g., Pug, Pekingese).

teeth

incisors, canines, premolars, molars

dogs are omnivorous - pointed and flat teeth

cats are carnivores - pointed teeth

vertebrate

locomotion, protection of spinal cord

all mammals have 7 cervical

c1: atlas

c2: axis

which two vertebrates allow the movement of yes and no

c1 and c2

forequarters

stride and movement

shoulder blade, scapula, humerus, radius and ulna

hindquarters

pelvis-sacrum, femur, pubis, tibia and fibula, feet

coxofemeral joint

hip joint, ball and socket

synovial

knee

stifle joint

patella

cat claw

muscular system

functions: circulation, breathing

voluntary: skeletal

involuntary: smooth and cardiac

smooth muscles

hollow organs, blood vessels, respiratory tract, uterus, stomach, intestine

involuntary

nonstriated

controlled by ANS and hormones

cardiac muscle

heart

involuntary, striated

arranged in networks to provide controlled pumping action of heart

controlled by ANS and hormones

skeletal muscle

many attached to bones to coordinate movement

voluntary, striated (orderly arrangement of fibers)

circulatory system

heart, arteries, veins, capillaries, lymphatic vessels

bone marrow: creates red blood cells

spleen: filters waste

lymph nodes: filters, important for immune function

systemic circulation

supplies tissues

pulmonary circulation

vessels that go to the lungs (deoxygenated from lungs)

arteries

carry blood away from the heart

veins

carry blood to the heart

mammalian heart

4 chambers

located in ventral thorax (chest cavity)

SA node: pacemaker for heart

lymphatic system

circulate immune cells throughout body and remove antigens

filter foreign substances and produce lymphocytes

solid portion of blood

red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets

liquid portion of blood

plasma

central palure

middle thinness at maturity

RBC do not have a nucleus but filled with hemoglobin

3 functions of the respiratory system

1. deliver oxygen to tissues in lungs

2. breathing, smelling

3. removes waste gases

nares

nasal turbinates-cililated

pharynx

throat

epiglottis

flap of tissue that seals off the windpipe and prevents food from entering

larynx

passageway for air moving from pharynx to trachea; contains vocal cords

trachea

windpipe

c-shaped cartilaginous rings for protection

where does gas exchange occur

alveoli

depth of lungs

Two parts of the nervous system

central nervous system and peripheral nervous system

central nervous system

brain and spinal cord

peripheral nervous system

all the nerves outside the brain and spinal cord

nerve cells

neurons

purpose of pns

integration

receives info and makes sense of it

ex: collecting scent molecules and sending to brain

parts of cns

cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem, spinal cord

cerebrum

Largest part of the brain; responsible for voluntary muscular activity, vision, speech, taste, hearing, thought, and memory.

Cerebellum

Balance and coordination, sense of space

cerebellar hypoplasia

underdeveloped cerebellum

brain stem

pons and medulla oblongata

life sustaining functions: heart rate, swallowing

can integrate info like brain

can the brain stem sustain trauma like the brain?

no

meninges

covers CNS

epidural space - between meninges and CNS

parts of PNS

somatic and autonomic

somatic nervous system

supply muscles

brachial plexus, radial nerve, sciatic nerve

autonomic nervous system

supply glands, blood vessels, heart, smooth muscle movement

sympathetic and parasympathetic branches

sympathetic nervous system

the division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations

parasympathetic nervous system

the division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy

urinary system

2 kidneys and ureters, 1 bladder and urethra

kidneys

paired, ventral to lumbar vertebrae

millions of nephrons that produce urine

maintain proper hydration

ureters

The tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder

bladder

stores urine

micturition: brain tells muscles to relax and urine is expelled

lined with smooth muscle

urethra

urine exits body here

cornea

clear window in front, captures light

sclera

white, thick tissue

medial and lateral canthus

upper and lower eyelids meet

naslacrimal duct

near medial

drains tears

Palpebrae

upper and lower eyelids

lined with cilia

nictitating membrane

third eyelid

protection, tear production

taste

gustation