Final Exam Anatomy & Physiology

A set of vocabulary flashcards covering key terms and definitions in Anatomy & Physiology.

Anatomy

The study of body structure and shape.

Physiology

The study of body functions.

Homeostasis

The condition of stable internal environment.

Metabolism

The sum total of all chemical reactions that enable us to acquire and use energy.

Anatomical Position

Body erect with palms and head facing forward.

Epithelial Tissue

Covers all body surfaces, providing protection, absorption, secretion, and filtration.

Connective Tissue

Supports and connects body parts, protects organs, and stores energy.

Muscle Tissue

Responsible for movement; includes skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle.

Nervous Tissue

Sends and receives electrical signals, controlling body responses.

Melanin

A pigment that gives color to skin, hair, and eyes.

Keratin

A tough protein found in skin, hair, and nails, making them waterproof and strong.

Epidermis

The outermost layer of the skin, providing protection.

Dermis

The layer beneath the epidermis, providing strength and elasticity.

Subcutaneous Layer

The deepest layer, providing insulation, energy storage, and cushioning for organs.

Axial Skeleton

The part of the skeleton that supports the body, including the skull, spine, ribs, and sternum.

Appendicular Skeleton

Includes arms, legs, and the shoulder and hip girdles, allowing movement.

Hinge Joint

A joint allowing back and forth movement, such as in the elbow and knee.

Ball and Socket Joint

A joint allowing all directions of movement, such as in the shoulder and hip.

Muscle Contraction

Occurs when myosin filaments pull on actin filaments in the sarcomere.

Causes of Muscle Contraction

Requires ATP, Calcium, and Oxygen.

Spasm

A sudden, involuntary muscle contraction.

Cramp

A painful muscle contraction.

Tremor

Rhythmic shaking movement.

Hypotonic

Muscle changes length, causing movement.

Isometric

Muscle does not change length; no movement occurs.