Human Reproduction (Female, Male, Pregnancy, Menstrual Cycle)

@ Morrill - SEHS - '25 - LivEnv (P8)

What is the primary function of the male reproductive system?

To produce sperm and testosterone.

What are the male gonads called?

Testes.

What is the process of sperm production called?

Spermatogenesis.

What keeps the testes at the proper temperature for sperm production?

The scrotum.

What is the function of the epididymis?

Site of sperm maturation.

What structure carries mature sperm to the urethra?

Vas deferens.

What is the function of the urethra in males?

It serves as a passage for both sperm and urine.

What is ejaculated from the penis?

Semen.

What does semen consist of?

Sperm and fluids from the seminal vesicles, prostate, and Cowper's glands.

Where does fertilization occur in females?

In the fallopian tubes (oviducts).

What are the female gonads called?

Ovaries.

What is the process of egg production called?

Oogenesis.

What hormones do the ovaries produce?

Estrogen and progesterone.

What is the purpose of the fallopian tubes?

To carry the mature egg from the ovary to the uterus.

Where does implantation of the fertilized egg occur?

In the uterus.

What is the thick lining of the uterus called?

Endometrium.

What is the role of the cervix?

It is the narrow opening at the lower end of the uterus above the vagina.

What happens during menstruation?

The endometrial lining breaks down and is released from the body.

Define fertilization.

The joining of the egg and sperm.

What is a zygote?

A fertilized egg.

What happens during the cleavage stage of embryonic development?

The zygote undergoes rapid mitotic divisions.

What is a morula?

A solid ball of cells formed after several cycles of cell division.

What is the process of providing nutrients and gas exchange between mother and fetus?

Diffusion through the placenta.

What is a blastocyst?

A hollow ball of cells that implants into the uterine lining.

What's the hormonal role of the corpus luteum?

It produces progesterone after ovulation.

What is the average cycle length of menstruation?

About 28 days.

What cells do meiosis produce?

Gametes (sperm and eggs).

What are the key differences between mitosis and meiosis?

Mitosis produces identical cells; meiosis produces genetically varied gametes.

During which phase of the menstrual cycle does ovulation occur?

Around day 14.

What is a teratogen?

Any agent that can disturb the development of an embryo or fetus.

What creates identical twins?

One fertilized egg divides into two embryos.

What are fraternal twins?

Two different eggs fertilized by two different sperm.

What is FSH and its role in the menstrual cycle?

Follicle-stimulating hormone promotes the maturation of follicles.

What is LH and its role?

Luteinizing hormone triggers ovulation.

How does the placenta develop during pregnancy?

From the trophoblast layer of the blastocyst.

What role does the umbilical cord serve?

It connects the fetus to the placenta, supplying nutrients and oxygen.

What is the significance of the blastocyst's inner cell mass?

It develops into the embryo.

What happens during the implantation of the blastocyst?

The blastocyst attaches to the uterine lining and begins to grow into the endometrium.

How does differentiation occur during embryonic development?

Unspecialized cells become specialized tissues and organs.

What are the three germ layers formed during differentiation?

Ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm.

What type of cells does spermatogenesis produce?

Sperm cells.

What type of cells does oogenesis produce?

Egg cells (ova).

What is the main purpose of prenatal care?

To ensure a healthy pregnancy and fetal development.

What can influence the menstrual cycle?

Hormones like estrogen and progesterone.

What is the zygote's ploidy level?

Diploid (2n) with a full set of chromosomes.

When does fertilization typically occur after ovulation?

Within 24 hours.

What is the main purpose of reproductive technologies?

To assist individuals unable to conceive naturally.

What is In-Vitro Fertilization (IVF)?

Fertilization of eggs with sperm outside the body.

What happens if the vas deferens is blocked?

Sperm cannot exit the body.

What happens if the oviducts are cut in females?

Eggs cannot be fertilized.

What are common tests performed during pregnancy?

Amniocentesis and ultrasounds to monitor fetal development.

How many chromosomes do human gametes contain?

23 chromosomes.

What is the function of the seminal vesicle?

Produces fluid that nourishes sperm and forms semen.

Where does fertilization typically occur?

In the fallopian tubes.

What occurs to the uterine lining during menstruation if fertilization does not happen?

It breaks down and is expelled.

What is the duration of the luteal phase in the menstrual cycle?

About 10-14 days.

What lifestyle factors can affect prenatal development?

Nutrition, exercise, and substance use (alcohol, smoking).

What is the role of the chorion?

It surrounds the embryo and forms part of the placenta.

What happens to the corpus luteum without fertilization?

It degenerates into the corpus albicans.

What anatomical structure is involved in the thickening of the uterine lining?

Endometrium.

What determines the sex of the embryo?

The combination of sex chromosomes from the sperm and egg.

What changes occur in the body during ovulation?

The mature egg is released from the ovary.

What happens during the cleavage stages of embryonic development?

Rapid divisions of the zygote lead to the formation of a morula.

What stage of development follows the morula?

The blastocyst stage.

What is the primary hormones responsible for male secondary sex characteristics?

Testosterone.

What is the function of the prostate gland?

Produces fluid that contributes to semen.

How can teratogens affect fetal development?

They can cause birth defects and developmental issues.

What happens to the zygote during its journey to the uterus?

It divides and forms a morula and then a blastocyst.

What is the structure that surrounds the embryo and develops into the placenta called?

Trophoblast.

What is the significance of the umbilical cord during pregnancy?

Transport of nutrients and waste between the mother and fetus.

What occurs during the menstruation phase of the menstrual cycle?

The endometrial lining is shed.

How many total chromosomes do humans have in somatic cells?

46 chromosomes (23 pairs).

What are the signs of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome?

Poor growth, delayed development, and facial abnormalities.

What is the primary method used for sperm retrieval in assisted reproduction technologies?

Semen collection.

What do the fallopian tubes do during a normal menstrual cycle?

Carry the egg from the ovary to the uterus.

What anatomical feature allows for gas exchange in the placenta?

Chorionic villi.

What physiological changes signify the starting of labor?

Cervix dilation and contractions.

What is the primary role of estrogen in female reproductive health?

Regulating the menstrual cycle and reproductive system.

How does hormonal contraception primarily work?

It prevents ovulation.

What is the significance of having a genetic variation in gametes?

It increases genetic diversity in offspring.

What is the final product of meiosis?

Four haploid gametes.

How does the body respond to pregnancy aside from hormonal changes?

Physical changes such as growth of the abdomen and breast tissue.

What causes the distinctive changes in the endometrium throughout the menstrual cycle?

Fluctuations in hormone levels.

What is the main purpose of amniocentesis during pregnancy?

To test for genetic abnormalities.

What is an ectopic pregnancy?

A pregnancy that occurs outside the uterus.

What role do the fimbriae play in female reproduction?

They help guide the egg into the fallopian tube.

What is the primary source of nutrition for a developing fetus?

The placenta.

What is the main feature of an ovum (egg cell)?

It is one of the largest cells in the human body.

What changes occur to a woman's body during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle?

Thickening of the uterine lining in preparation for potential implantation.

What is a common symptom indicating implantation has taken place?

Spotting or light bleeding.

How does a vasectomy affect male fertility?

It prevents sperm from being released during ejaculation.

What hormones are involved in regulating the menstrual cycle?

Estrogen and progesterone.

What is the main anatomical difference between male and female reproductive systems?

Females have internal reproductive organs while males have external ones.

What are the phases of the menstrual cycle?

Menstrual phase, follicular phase, ovulation, luteal phase.

What happens during the menstrual phase?

The endometrial lining is shed; estrogen and progesterone levels are low.

What hormone rises during the follicular phase?

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) promotes follicle maturation.

What occurs during ovulation?

A surge in luteinizing hormone (LH) triggers the release of a mature egg.

What happens during the luteal phase?

The corpus luteum forms and secretes progesterone to maintain the uterine lining.

What hormone is dominant in the luteal phase?

Progesterone.

What hormonal changes indicate the start of menstruation?

A drop in estrogen and progesterone signals the shedding of the uterine lining.