AP Bio

an-

not

co-

together

valent

strength

electro-

electricity

iso-

equal

neutr-

neither

pro-

before

kilo-

a thousand

hydro-

water

philos

loving

phobos

fearing

enanti-

opposite

carb-

coal

sulf-

sulfur

thio-

sulfur

con-

together

di-

two

glyco-

sweet

lyse

break

macro-

large

meros-

part

mono-

single

sacchar

sugar

poly-

many

tri-

three

kinesis

non-directional response

taxis

directional response

ethology

the study of animal behavior

cations

metals that have lost electrons

anions

nonmetals that have gained electrons

ionic bonds

formed between elements far apart on the periodic table

electronegativity

an element's desire to gain electrons

polar covalent bond

unequal sharing of electrons between atoms

hydrogen bond

attraction between partial positive and negative atoms

polar molecule

asymmetrical molecule (e.g., water)

solute

substance being dissolved

solvent

substance in which solute is dissolved

hydrophilic

water-attracting substances

hydrophobic

water-repelling substances

pH

measure of hydrogen ion concentration

acids

substances that donate hydrogen ions

bases

substances that accept hydrogen ions

functional groups

specific groups of atoms that determine molecular properties

dehydration synthesis

process of joining monomers by removing water

hydrolysis

process of breaking down polymers by adding water

macromolecules

large, complex molecules

carbohydrates

sugars and their polymers

lipids

hydrophobic molecules used for long-term energy storage

proteins

chains of amino acids that perform various functions

nucleic acids

molecules that store and transmit genetic information

DNA

double-stranded nucleic acid that codes for proteins

RNA

single-stranded nucleic acid involved in protein synthesis

monomers

small subunits that make up polymers

polymers

large molecules made of repeating monomer units

isomers

molecules with the same formula but different structures

carbon skeleton

chain of carbon atoms in an organic molecule

functional group

specific group of atoms that determines chemical properties

synthesis

building macromolecules through dehydration reactions

buffer

substance that maintains pH by absorbing excess ions

cohesion

water molecules' ability to cling to each other

adhesion

water molecules' ability to cling to other surfaces

surface tension

force between molecules in a liquid

ice density

ice is less dense than water due to hydrogen bonding

calorie

amount of energy needed to raise 1g of water by 1°C

atomic theory

states that elements consist of atoms

isotopes

atoms of the same element with different neutron counts

molecule

two or more atoms bonded together

compound

molecule with at least two different elements

organic molecules

contain carbon and hydrogen

biomolecules

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

hydrocarbon

chain of carbon atoms bonded to hydrogen

saturated fats

no double bonds, solid at room temperature

unsaturated fats

one or more double bonds, liquid at room temperature

phospholipids

major component of cell membranes

steroids

lipids with a four-ring structure

amino acids

building blocks of proteins

peptide bonds

covalent bonds connecting amino acids

enzyme

protein that acts as a catalyst

denaturation

loss of protein structure due to environmental changes