AMSA 104 Advanced Nursing #1

The physician, pharmacist, or nurse in charge of you is held legally responsible for the drugs that you administer (T/F)

False: YOU are held legally responsible for any drug that YOU administer

_______ are used in the treatment, diagnosis, and prevention of a disease

medications

The Approved Drug List (ADL) is disseminated by the FDA every _______

every year (annually)

testosterone is a schedule I/II/III/IV/V drug

schedule III

diagnostic drug use

helps determine the cause of a particular health problem

- ex. antigen serum for allergy testing

palliative drug use

provides relief from pain or symptoms related to a disorder

- ex. Zyrtec for allergies, hydrocodone for pain relief

prophylactic drug use

prevents the occurrence of a condition

- ex. Hep B vaccine

replacement drug use

a substance needed to maintain health

- ex. insulin for diabetics, synthroid for hypothyroidism

therapeutic drug use

treats a disorder and cures it

- ex. antibiotics

caplet

a solid dosage form for oral use

capsule

A solid dosage form for oral use encased by a gelatin shell

enteric-coated tablet

A tablet for oral use, coating dissolves in the intestine

an example of an extract is ______

morphine

liniment

A preparation usually containing alcohol, oil or soapy emollient that is applied to the skin

- ex. icy hot

suppository

a medication shaped in pellet form for insertion into a body cavity (rectally or vaginally)

- melts at body temperature to release medication

suspension

divided drug particles dispersed in a liquid

- must be shaken prior to oral use, cannot be administered through IV

troche ("lozenge")

a flat, round dosage form that dissolves in mouth to release medication

factors that influence absorption

route of administration

ability to dissolve

blood flow to site of administration

Geriatric patients are at increased risk for drug toxicity due to them taking multiple medications for varying disorders (T/F)

True! Medical personnel must also be mindful of this because of older patients' slower metabolism

Pediatric patients should be given the same dosage as adult patients (T/F)

False! Differences in size, weight, age, and immature organs all affect their ability to absorb medicine. Doses are largely based on age and weight of the child.

oral administration (PO)

given by mouth or swallowed

- easiest, most common route of drug administration

buccal administration

placing drug between tongue and cheek until it is dissolved

sublingual administration (SL)

drugs are given by placement under the tongue

- rapidly absorbed by rich supply of capillaries

anticholinergics

desired effects: parasympathetic blocking ages, reducing spasms in smooth muscle

indications: decrease muscle rigidity and diminish tremors (ex. Parkinsons's)

antiemetics

desired effects: act on hypothalamic center in the brain to prevent nausea or vomiting

indications: manage motion sickness, prevent nausea and vomiting

antiinfectives

desired effects: interferes with bacterial protein synthesis

indications: skin infections, burns, wounds, skin grafts

antifungals

desired effects: slow or hinder multiplication of fungi

indications: treat systemic or local fungal infections

antihypertensives

desired effects: block nerve impulses causing arteries to constrict, decrease heart rate, restrict aldosterone hormone

indications: control and reduce blood pressure

antitussives

desired effects: inhibit coughing

indications: temporarily suppress nonproductive cough

benzodiazepines

desired effects: calm or suppress CNS

indications: sedation, sleep induction, skeletal muscle relaxation, anxiety relief

bronchodilators

desired effects: relax smooth muscle of the bronchi

indications: treat asthma/bronchospasm

cholinergics

desired effects: stimulate the parasympathetic nervous system

indications: treat urinary and GI disorders

diuretics

desired effects: inhibit reabsorption of sodium and chloride, stimulate excretion of fluid

indications: lower blood pressure, increase urinary output

expectorants

desired effects: loosens secretions in the bronchial tubes in order to cough it out

indications: relieve respiratory tract congestion

laxatives

desired effects: increase peristalsis

indications: increase and accelerate defecation

nonopioid analgesics

desired effects: inhibit prostaglandin synthesis to reduce pain and inflammation; lowers febrile body temperatures

indications: treat mild to moderate pain and fever

nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories (NSAIDs)

desired effects: reduce inflammation, fever; inhibit platelet aggregation

indications: treat arthritis and other inflammatory disorders; acute myocardial infarction

opioid analgesics/ antagonist

desired effects: binds to an opioid pain receptor in the brain and causes a reduction of pain

indications: alleviate mild to severe pain; cough suppressant / reverse opioid-induced respiratory depression

respiratory corticosteroids

desired effects: reduce airway inflammation and bronchial resistance

indications: long-term relief of asthma symptoms, decrease the frequency of asthma attacks, manage COPD

"bid"

twice a day

"gtts"

drops

medication CANNOT be given to a patient without a physician's orders (T/F)

True! Medication cannot be given without a physician's order

superscription

The date, patient's name, address, and the Rx symbol

subscription

directions to pharmacist

PRN

as needed

single (one-time) orders

given once at a specified time

STAT orders

orders for medication that should be given immediately and only once

once an order is received, it should be input into the _____

medical administration record (MAR)

Six Rights of Medication Administration

1. Right medication

2. Right dose

3. Right patient

4. Right route

5. Right time

6. Right documentation

allergies should be verified ____

during admission

unit transfers

prior to giving any medication

what should be documented immediately after administering medication?

name of medication

dose

route

exact time of administration

signature/initials

site of any injection (important for diabetic patients)

medication admin errors include:

inaccurate prescribing

administering the wrong medication

giving the medication using the wrong route or time

administering extra doses or failing to administer a medication

each year, ______ people are injured due to medication administration errors

1.5 million

ophthalmic medication

medications used to treat conditions of the eyes

otic drops

medications used to treat conditions of the ear

sublingual medication

slower onset, though preferred by most patients

- ex. nitroglycerin

liquid medication is absorbed slower/faster than tablets and capsules

faster

oral medication should be administered from the ____

bedside table

always measure medication at eye level and from the ____

meniscus

if a patient has any adverse or allergic reaction in response to medication, the nurse should be notified ____

immediately

rectal suppositories melt ____ and are absorbed in the _____

inside the rectum; mucous membrane

contraindications to rectal administration include ____

diarrhea, hemorrhoids, and rectal bleeding or anal irritation

when injecting, always ensure the bevel is ____

up

the CDC recommends to discard a multi-dose vial no more than ___ from the first dose

28 days

frequent urination and burning during urination are signs of a _____

UTI

the most preferred type of tube for stomach decompression is _______

salem sump tube

"pumping" the stomach in the case of alcohol or drug overdose is an example of _____

lavage

adults typically excrete ________mL of urine each day

1200-1500mL

DD Form 792

24 hour intake and output worksheet

"792 pee & poo"

the normal range for fasting blood glucose is _____

60-110mg/dL

sweet or fruity odor in urine is usually a sign of ____

diabetes

______ in urine is ALWAYS abnormal

blood (hematuria)

standards for venipuncture are supervised by ____

OSHA (Occupational Safety & Health Administration)

a tourniquet should not be applied for longer than _____

1 minute

Needles should always be inspected for sterility and/or defect (T/F)

True!