Clinical Psychology Midterm Exam Review Outline

Lightner Witmer

established the first psychology clinical and the first journal devoted to psychology Clinics.

APA

The American Psychological Association, the leading scientific and professional organization representing psychology in the United States

Models of clinical psychology training

Refers to the various educational frameworks and approaches used to prepare individuals for careers in clinical psychology, including practitioner-scholar and scientist-practitioner models.

Scientist-Practitioners ( Boulder Model) -

a training approach in psychology that emphasizes the integration of scientific research and clinical practice, where practitioners are expected to not only apply evidence-based treatments but also actively contribute to research informed by their clinical experiences

The Practitioner - Scholar ( Vail Model)

- is an educational model emphasizing the practical application of scholarly knowledge.

The Clinical Scientist Model-

This grew out of the Academy of Psychological Clinical Science approach and heavily emphasizes scientific research.

Clinical professions

fields that apply psychological principles and techniques to assess and treat mental health issues.

Counseling psychologist

- requires PhD in psychology or department of education, intensive training in psychotherapy and assessment. Typically, they work with less pathological and more adjacent problems in college counseling centers, community MH centers, or private practice.

School psychologists

- This requires a master's or PhD; they assess learning disabilities and ADHD, have behavioral interventions, and work within systems ( typically k-12). Need year-long clinical internships.

School Counselor ( Guidance Counselor) -

Requires Master's and state-level certification. Job focus depends on grade level, but they do social skills training, goal setting, and behavioral interventions.

Psychiatrist

- Medical doctor who has specialized in treating psychological disorders.

Social workers

are trained to perform psychotherapy, emphasizing connecting people with the community and providing support services.

Marriage and family therapists'

training focuses on working with couples and families, but sometimes, they see individuals struggling with issues related to partners or families.

Neurosis

- enduring patterns of behavior characterized by anxiety; failure to adapt successfully to the environment. Perception of the gap between potential and actual accomplishment

Psychosis

- a state where an individual experiences a loss of contact with reality, often

Exogenous disorders

- mental disorders caused by external factors, more straightforward to treat

Endogenous disorders

- mental disorders caused by internal factors ( ex. Dementia praecox/ schizophrenia.

DSM

- Diagnostic and Statistical manual of mental disorders. To diagnose a mental illness, it contains a list of symptoms that the patient's symptoms are matched to with the best match being diagnosed.

Psychodynamic therapy -

a theoretical approach in psychology that emphasizes the underlying psychological forces and processes that influence human behavior, emotions, and thoughts

Behavioral therapy

- is a psychological theory that focuses on how people learn and behave through their interactions with the environment.

Humanistic therapy

- a way of treating people with respect and helping them achieve their full potential

Family therapy

- a type of psychotherapy that helps families improve communication, build stronger relationships, and work through conflicts.

Cognitive therapy

- a type of psychotherapy that focuses on changing negative thought patterns and behaviors to improve mental health.

General principles -

The items in it are aspirations; in other words, they describe an ideal ethical function of how psychologists should strive to conduct themselves. They offer broad examples of moral behavior or what psychologists should try to achieve.

Ethical standards

- section code includes enforceable rules of conduct. It talks about the standard of a psychologist, which would be an ethical violation.

Aspirational vs. Enforceable

- Aspirational comprises statements of broadly worded ideals and principles that don’t attempt to define w/any precision right or wrong behaviors. Enforceable - set of standards that specifically describe behaviors required and proscribed by profession and is designed to serve as a basis for adjudicating grievances.

Confidentiality

- the ethical principles of protecting and respecting the privacy of individuals who disclose personal information to a mental health professional.

Informed consent

is the ethical principle that requires researchers and therapists to obtain voluntary and knowledgeable agreements from individuals before conducting research or providing psychological services.

Dual relationships

- occur when the therapist has another relationship with a client beyond the traditional therapeutic one.

Competence

- encompasses the skills, knowledge, and attitudes needed to effectively assess, diagnose, and treat mental health issues, including ethical conduct, self-awareness, and ongoing professional development.

Beneficence and nonmaleficence

- Psychologists strive to benefit those with whom they work and take care not to harm.

Fidelity and Responsibility

- Psychologists establish relationships of trust with those with whom they work. They are aware of their professional and scientific responsibilities to society and the specific communities in which they work.

Integrity

- Psychologists promote accuracy, honesty, and truthfulness in psychology's science, teaching, and practice.

Justice

- Psychologists recognize that fairness and justice entitle all persons to access and benefit from the contributions of psychology and to equal quality in processes, procedures, and services being conducted by psychologists.

Respect for people’s rights and dignity -

Psychologists respect the dignity and worth of all people and the rights of individuals to privacy, confidentiality, and self-determination.

Psychotherapy

- uses psychological techniques to help someone overcome psychological difficulties and disorders, resolve problems in living, or bring about personal growth.

Harmful dysfunction theory -

 created by Jermone Wakefield where he stated that “ disorder is a harmful dysfunction” wherein harmful is a value term based on social norms, and dysfunction is a scientific term referring to the failure of a mental mechanism to perform a natural function for which it was designed by evolution. Thus, the concept of disorder combines value and scientific components.

DSM 5 TR criticisms -

Categorized into 19 groups, includes medication-induced movement disorders and other clinical conditions

DSM 5TR authors

- The authors are the American Psychiatric Association

ICD-10

- is a medical coding system developed by the World Health Organization that classifies and codes diagnoses, symptoms, and procedures for healthcare billing and data analysis.

Attending behaviors -

supporting your client with individually and culturally appropriate verbal following, visuals, vocal quality, and body language

Rapport -

a positive, comfortable relationship between the client and the interviewer.

Directive technique

- A style of interviewing that gets the information they need by asking clients specifically.

Nondirective technique

- A style that allows the client to determine the course of the interview.

Clarification:

questions to make sure that the interviewer has an accurate understanding of the client’s comments.

Confrontation

is a therapeutic technique used to challenge a client’s thoughts, feelings, or behavior directly and respectfully.

Paraphrasing:

This is used to assure the clients that they are being accurately heard.

Reflection of feeling:

echoes of the client's emotions.

Summarizing

usually involves tying together various topics that may have been discussed, connecting statements that may have been made at different points, and identifying themes that have recurred during the interview.

Conclusion:

  It is a summary of what was discussed during the interview.

Intake interviews

are structured conversations between a client and a professional when a client seeks help. The purpose of the intake interview is to gather information that allows the professional to learn about the client’s needs and develop a treatment plan that is tailored to them.

Diagnostic Interviews:

an interview in which a health or mental health professional explores a patient’s pressing problem, current situation, and background to formulate a diagnosis and prognosis and develop a treatment program.

Structured Interview:

a standardized way to collect data by asking each person the same questions in the same order.

Mental Status Exam:

is a systematic assessment of a patient's mental state. It’s a key part of evaluating patients with mental health conditions, personality disorders, or thought disorders.

Crisis interview:

this is a special type of clinical interview that can be uniquely challenging for the interviewer.

Hans Strupp -

a pioneering psychotherapy researcher, identified three parties who have a stake in how well psychotherapy works and may have different opinions about what constitutes a successful therapy session.

The tripartite model

is a psychological model used to describe emotions, attitudes, personality, and mental well-being.

Efficacy

- the belief in one’s ability to complete a task or achieve a desired outcome.

Effectiveness

- how well a psychological intervention achieves its intended outcome.

Teletherapy -

delivering health care services, including mental health, via phones, the internet, or other electronic means.

Dodo bird verdict -

 all forms of psychological therapy were equally effective

Therapeutic alliance

- a collaborative, trusting relationship between a therapist and client- is essential for successful therapy.

Stages of change

- to describe the various points where clients may fall in terms of readiness.

Eclectic approach

-  an approach that involves selecting the best treatment for a god-given client based on empirical data from studies of the treatment of similar clients,

The assimilative approach

is where therapists, rooted in the specific theoretical model, incorporate techniques or perspectives from other therapeutic systems to enhance their practice.

Integrative approach

 an approach that involves blending techniques to create an entirely new hybrid approach to therapy.