RUSSIA1- The rule of Nicholas 1894-1905

autocracy

a form of government of government in which one person possesses unlimited power

what did Hans Roger say about industrial growth

‘great industrial spurt of the 1890s’

russia working class made up around

2% of population by 1980

what happened in 1881

assisanaiton of tsar Alexander II

population jump from 1861 - 1914

74 to 164 mil

what percentage was the peasantry

80%

what was introduced to help relieve peasant hunger

land bank 1880

who wanted independence, nationalism

Poland, Latvia, Lithuania

weakness of the tsar

naive and indecisive

what was russia experiencing

‘crisis of modernity’

why was strip farming ineffective(2)

• no incentive to improve it

• waste of time

who came up with the concept of the crisis of modernity

s.a smith

who was one of the sr leading founders

victor chernov

who was the sr main theoretician

victor chernov

2 sr ideas

- self governing communities

no central government

what happened to the sr in 1908

yevno Azef - okrana spy

industrial growth from what areas

ukraine and st peterburg

what did the RSDLP debate in 1903 in Brussels

political strategy

how many delegates at 1903 Brussel meeting

43

how many demonstrators in st Petersburg on Bloody Sunday

150k

clashes with Poland how many troops deployed there

250k

oil, steel, coal growth from

ukraine

who was the st Petersburg soviet

elected representative of industrial workers

members of the st Petersburg soviet represented

500 workers

Izvestia

st Petersburg armed militia

where did the august manifesto come from

bulgyin’s constitution

a reaction to the October manifesto allowed which group to be created

octobrists

who was the leader of the kadet party

Milyukov

when was the k adet party formed

October 1905

by the end of 1905 tsarist power

much stronger

octoberistics happy

armed forced, nobility and orthodox church happy

engineering and textiles from

st peterburg

Moscow and st Petersburg had an increased pop by

25%

the harsh penal code stopped

stikes and unions

unrest in the country within the

black earth region

peasantry pissed at the raises taxes on consumer items eg

heating oil and matches

who were the bund

socialist jewish party

when was the bund established

1897

when was the Russian socialist democratic labour party formed

1898

when was the SR formed

1902

who did sr kill

ministry of the interior 1902 and 1904

orthodoxy under

gov control

orthodoxy was the

spiritual wing of the regime

Russian language

in schools and court proceedings

orthodox church were given

money to convert

how many jews lived in russia by 1900

5 million

• .3 things further challenged Tsarist authority.

• Industrialisation, population growth, and nationalism

what was the crisis of modernity

attempt to modernise from urban workers

who involved in the crisis of modernity 3

• peasantry, urban workers, and an educated middle class.

what did with advise Nicolas to decide between

military rule or concessions

Nationalistic Tensions

Poland witnessed clashes between demonstrators and the Russian army, with over 250,000 troops deployed to maintain order

Crush of the Moscow Uprising reason

• The Moscow Soviet's call for an armed uprising in December 1905 led to brutal reprisals by government forces.

Crush of the Moscow Uprising

how many died

1,000

what year was the Moscow uprising

December 1905

what were tsarist repressive instruments

censorship, the army and the okrahna

weakness of tsar?

indecisive and naive

electoral law of December 1905

extended voting rights but ensured the electoral system favored landowners and excluded certain groups.

why was Russification introduced?

Poland and Estonia posed a threat to the regime

the great reforms promised

abolition of serfdom

milyukov led a

banquet campaign

when was the sr formed

1902

how were the social democrats established

through the union of liberation

social democrats leader

martov

abolition of serfdom in what year

1861

population of urban working class

3 mil by 1890s

population explosion 74mil to .. by 1914

164

what enabled Nicholas to autocratically rule Russia with potential for corruption

an absence of checks on his power and a lack of a constitution and legal safe guards

Moscow population increased by ..%

25

places like Poland and Lithuania wanted to.. from Russia

break away

peasant rioting in the

black earth region

why riots in the black earth region?

higher taxes on basic consumer items such as alcohol, sugar, tea, heating oil

who were the zemstvos

growing middle class engaging with local govhaw

what did the zemstvos do

relieve famine

when was the assassination of Alexander II

1881

when was it founded union of liberation

1904 at secret meeting in st Petersburg

who was the leader of the union of liberation

Paul milyukov

when was the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party?

1898

SR made up of

middle class

SR wanted to overthrow…

Tsarist and build new democratic order

Who was Victor Chernov?

founder of SR

chernov’s ideas represented mainstream SR thinking

did chernov believe in self governing communities

yes

did sr like violence

sr combat organisation in 190..

1902

SRs wanted assassination of government ministers and officials carried out using

firearms or dynamite

before 1905

opposition illegal

how many jews in Russia by 1900

5 mil

the okrana used … and …

torture and fear

what particularly influenced the poor in regards to the tsars power

the orthodox church as it received funding for preaching obedience to the tsar due to divine right

problem with freedom of serfs

harsh terms and 49 year repayment

why did the influence of the church decrease x2

the priests got a reputation of often being drunk and corrupt

urban areas grew so the church struggled to hold control

nationality doctrine 2 key points

Russia was unique rom the West socialist and liberal ideas were unrussian

the domination of the Russian empire right as Russia had built it so therefore could control it

russification

tsarist policy to spread Russian culture culture and language in an effort to create unity

2 effects of Russification

Poland and Baltic provinces forced to use Russian language in court and schools

non-orthodox churches that had deep roots in other nations were bullied and harassed e.g protestant churches in baltic provinces

impact of russification

repressed minority groups causing tension

provoked demonstrations in Armenia resulting in 10 killed and 70 wounded

why was russification counter productive

aroused resentment within minority nationalisties and opposition

how did the okhrana keep track of leaders in exile

had overseas informants

in 1900 how many full time agents did the Okhrana have and how many were in St Petersburg

2,500 agents

1/3 in St Petersburg

2 problems caused by the Okhrana

people lost trust in each other causing tension

created a climate of fear

impact of the Okhrana on the regimes survival x3

effective at stopping revolutionary acts

stopped spread of ‘dangerous’ ideas that threatened the regimes stability

took pre-emptive actions against the opposition

3 rules put on Jews due to anti-semitc feelings inside the government

forced to live in ‘ the pale of settlement zone’ along western border

access to higher education restricted

harsh discriminatory policies