Studied by 1 person
Looks like no one added any tags here yet for you.
Atoms
The smallest units of matter, consisting of protons, neutrons, and electrons.
Protons
Positively charged particles located in the nucleus of an atom.
Neutrons
Neutral particles located in the nucleus of an atom.
Electrons
Negatively charged particles that orbit the nucleus of an atom.
Molecules
Formed when two or more atoms join together through chemical bonds.
Covalent Bonds
Bonds formed by the sharing of a pair of electrons between two atoms.
Polar Covalent Bonds
Bonds where electrons are shared unequally, creating partial charges.
Nonpolar Covalent Bonds
Bonds where electrons are shared equally between atoms.
Ionic Bonds
Bonds formed when electrons are transferred from one atom to another, creating full charges.
Isomers
Molecules with the same chemical formula but different structures and properties.
Organic Molecules
Molecules that contain carbon and are essential for life.
Inorganic Molecules
Molecules that generally do not contain carbon.
Polar Molecule
A molecule with partial positive and negative charges due to unequal sharing of electrons.
Hydrogen Bonds
Weak bonds formed between the partial charges of water molecules.
Cohesion
The tendency of water molecules to stick to each other due to hydrogen bonding.
Adhesion
The tendency of water molecules to stick to other materials.
High Specific Heat
The ability of water to absorb and release heat slowly, stabilizing temperatures.
Evaporative Cooling
The cooling effect that occurs when water evaporates from a surface.
Expansion Upon Freezing
The phenomenon where water expands and becomes less dense when it freezes.
Universal Solvent
Water's ability to dissolve many substances due to its polarity.
Solution
A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances.
pH Scale
A measure of acidity or alkalinity, with water being neutral at pH 7.
Dehydration Synthesis
A process where water is removed to form a new compound.
Hydrolysis
A process where water is added to break down a compound.
Monomer/Subunit
The building blocks of proteins, which are amino acids.
Amino Acids
The basic units that make up proteins, consisting of an amino group, carboxyl group, and R group.
Primary Structure
The specific sequence of amino acids in a protein linked by peptide bonds.
Enzymes
Proteins that speed up chemical reactions.
Defense Proteins
Proteins that protect the body, such as antibodies.
Storage Proteins
Proteins that store nutrients, like casein in milk.
Transport Proteins
Proteins that carry molecules, such as hemoglobin for oxygen.
Hormones
Proteins that regulate bodily functions, like insulin.
Receptors
Proteins that receive signals from the environment.
Denaturation
The process where proteins lose their shape and function due to non-optimal conditions.
X-ray Crystallography
A technique used to determine the 3D structure of proteins.
Nucleic Acids
Molecules that store and transmit genetic information.
DNA
A double-stranded helix that stores hereditary information.
RNA
A single-stranded molecule that carries information from DNA to ribosomes.
Nucleotides
The monomers of DNA and RNA, consisting of a sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base.
Organic Chemistry
The study of carbon compounds.
Major Elements of Life
Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, and Sulfur (CHNOPS).
Functional Groups
Specific groups of atoms that determine the properties of organic compounds.
Monosaccharides
Simple sugars that serve as building blocks for carbohydrates.
Disaccharides
Carbohydrates formed from two monosaccharides.
Polysaccharides
Carbohydrates composed of many monosaccharides, serving as storage or structural components.
Lipids
A group of organic compounds that include fats, oils, and steroids, primarily used for energy storage and structural functions.
Note
Flashcard