UNIT 2: Applying Learning Theories to Healthcare Practice

1. Individual’s Motivation to Learn

2. Ability to Learn

3. Environment

3 Principles of Learning

Individual’s Motivation to Learn

One of the 3 Principles of Learning

Composed of Attentional Set, Motivation, Use of theory to increase motivation, Psychosocial Adaptation to Illness, and Active Participation

1. Attentional Set

2. Motivation

3. Use of Theory to Increase Motivation

4. Psychosocial Adaptation to Illness

5. Active Participation

5 components of the individual’s motivation to learn

Attentional Set

One of the 5 components of the individual’s motivation to learn

Mental set

Motivation

One of the 5 components of the individual’s motivation to learn

Moving force within (internal)

Psychosocial Adaptation to Illness

One of the 5 components of the individual’s motivation to learn

Composed of the grieving process

Grieving Process

Series of events in an individual experiences to psychologically adapt to the situation

Kubler Ross

Who proposed the grieving process?

1. Denial

2. Anger

3. Bargaining

4. Depression/Resolution

5. Acceptance

5 Phases of the Grieving Process

Ability to Learn

One of the 3 Principles of Learning

Composed of Developmental capability, Learning in Kids, Adult Learning, Physical Capability

1. Developmental Capability

2. Learning in Kids

3. Adult Learning

4. Physical Capability

4 components of the individual’s ability to learn

Developmental capability

One of the 4 components of the individual’s ability to learn

Genetic makeup

Learning in Kids

One of the 4 components of the individual’s ability to learn

Kids pay little attention to time and learn through play

Adult Learning

One of the 4 components of the individual’s ability to learn

Adults need to be provided information that they will use

Physical Capability

One of the 4 components of the individual’s ability to learn

Is the patient deaf? Blind? If so, how will we modify our teaching?

Environment

One of the 3 Principles of Learning

Classroom setting

Set resources for learning

WHO

Who proposed the 5 Processes of Learning?

1. Learning is a treasure within

2. Learning to know

3. Learning to do

4. Learning to live together in peace and harmony

5. Learning to be

5 Processes of Learning, according to WHO

Learning is a treasure within

One of the 5 Processes of Learning, according to WHO

Whatever one learns is a product of experience

Learning to Know

One of the 5 Processes of Learning, according to WHO

Learn more to gain knowledge

Learning to Do

One of the 5 Processes of Learning, according to WHO

Learn by enhancing psychomotor skills

Learning to live together in peace and harmony

One of the 5 Processes of Learning, according to WHO

For instance, through group therapies, a patient can learn how to cope based on another patient’s strategy

Learning to be

One of the 5 Processes of Learning, according to WHO

Parse’s Human-Becoming Theory in which one tries to transcend and need to have power within

Benjamin Bloom

Who proposed the 3 Domains of Learning?

1. Cognitive Learning

2. Affective Learning

3. Psychomotor Learning

3 Domains of Learning, according to Bloom

Cognitive Learning

One of the 3 Domains of Learning, according to Bloom

Acquires knowledge and intellectual skills

Need to have remembering, recalling

Affective Learning

One of the 3 Domains of Learning, according to Bloom

Expression of feelings, development of values, attitudes, and beliefs

Psychomotor Learning

One of the 3 Domains of Learning, according to Bloom

Acquires motor skills that needs coordination and integration of mental and physical movements

1. Remember

2. Understand

3. Apply

4. Analyze

5. Evaluate

6. Create

6 Levels of Bloom’s Taxonomy (Lowest to Highest Order)

Remember

One of the levels of Bloom’s Taxonomy

Recall facts and basic concepts

define, duplicate, list, memorize, repeat, state

Understand

One of the levels of Bloom’s Taxonomy

Explain ideas or concepts

classify, describe, discuss, explain, identity, locate, recognize, report, select, translate

Apply

One of the levels of Bloom’s Taxonomy

Use information in new situations

execute, implement, solve, use, demonstrate, interpret, operate, schedule, sketch

Analyze

One of the levels of Bloom’s Taxonomy

Draw connections among ideas

differentiate, organize, relate, compare, contrast, distinguish, examine, experiment, question, test

Evaluate

One of the levels of Bloom’s Taxonomy

Justify a stand or decision

appraise, argue, defend, judge, select, support, value, critique, weigh

Create

One of the levels of Bloom’s Taxonomy

Produce new or original work

Design, assemble, construct, conjecture, develop, formulate, author, investigate

1. Behaviorist

2. Cognitive

3. Social

4. Psychomotor

5. Humanistic

5 Learning Theories

1. Pavlov’s Respondent Conditioning/Associated Learning

2. BF Skinner’s Operant Conditioning

2 Important Behaviorist Theories and their Founding Theorists

Pavlov’s Respondent Conditioning/Associated Learning

Part of the Behaviorist Learning Theory

In which one makes an association

For example, a dog is fed every time a bell is rung several times a week. Eventually, when the bell is rung again and no food is given, the dog begins to drool.

BF Skinner’s Operant Conditioning

Part of the Behaviorist Learning Theory

Reinforcement can either increase or decrease the possibility of a response

1. Positive Reinforcement

2. Negative Reinforcement

According to BF Skinner’s Operant Conditioning, what can increase the probability of a response?

Positive Reinforcement

According to BF Skinner’s Operant Conditioning, can increase the probability of a response

A reward every time one does good/performs well

Negative Reinforcement

According to BF Skinner’s Operant Conditioning, can increase the probability of a response

Escape conditioning

1. Non-reinforcement

2. Punishment

According to BF Skinner’s Operant Conditioning, what can decrease the probability of a response?

Non-reinforcement

According to BF Skinner’s Operant Conditioning, can decrease the probability of a response

Stop an unpleasant stimulus by ignoring it

Punishment

According to BF Skinner’s Operant Conditioning, can decrease the probability of a response

Example is when children are made to “face the wall”

1. Gestalt

2. Information Processing

3. Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development

3 Important Components of the Cognitive Learning Theory

Gestalt

Part of the Cognitive Learning Theory

Oldest form of cognitive learning theory

Emphasizes perception — one can always learn just from perception

Perception

What does Gestalt emphasize?

Information Processing

Part of the Cognitive Learning Theory

It is not enough for one to see it or hear it, but needs to commit it to memory

Thinking process

1. Infancy (Sensorimotor)

2. Early Childhood (Pre-operational)

3. Middle or Late Childhood (Concrete Operations)

4. Adolescence (Formal Operations)

4 Stages of Cognitive Development (Piaget)

Infancy (Sensorimotor)

One of the 4 Stages of Cognitive Development (Piaget)

Exploring (crawling, crying)

Uses senses and motor skills, items known by use

Object permanence learned by the end of the period

Early Childhood (Preoperational)

One of the 4 Stages of Cognitive Development (Piaget)

Symbolic thinking, language used; egocentric thinking

Imagination/experience grow, child de-centers by the end of this stage

Middle/Late Childhood (Concrete Operations)

One of the 4 Stages of Cognitive Development (Piaget)

Discriminating good or bad

Logic applied, has objective/rational interpretations

Conservation, numbers, ideas, classifications by the end of this stage

Adolescence (Formal Operations)

One of the 4 Stages of Cognitive Development (Piaget)

Can already see whether something leads to harm or not

Thinks, abstractly, hypothetical ideas (broader issues)

Ethics, politics, social/moral issues explored

Albert Bandura’s Social Learning Model

Part of the Social Learning Theory

States that people are influenced by how others behave

Social Cognition

Part of the Social Learning Theory

Emphasize social factors in perception, thoughts, motivation

Follows the norms and conducts of society

1. Personality

2. Defense Mechanisms

3. Resistance

3 Main Components of the Psychodynamic Learning Theory

Sigmund Freud

Who established the 3 Parts of Personality and Defense Mechanisms (part of Psychodynamic Learning Theory)?

1. Id

2. Ego

3. Superego

3 Types of Personality (Freud)

Id

One of the 3 Types of Personality (Freud)

Primitive

Can’t be controlled, either destructive or yearning for pleasures

Hidden desires

Ego

One of the 3 Types of Personality (Freud)

Based on reality

Superego

One of the 3 Types of Personality (Freud)

Conscience

Dislikes behaving contrary to what is felt internally

Defense Mechanisms

According to the Psychodynamic Learning Theory, what are used when one’s own ego is threatened?

1. Denial

2. Rationalization

3. Displacement

4. Projection

5. Repression

5 Examples of Defense Mechanisms

Denial

One of the 5 Examples of Defense Mechanisms

Avoiding reality to protect one’s ego

Rationalization

One of the 5 Examples of Defense Mechanisms

Put in excuses, “excusing away” any form of threats

Displacement

One of the 5 Examples of Defense Mechanisms

Especially in anger, one’s anger is displayed onto someone else

Projection

One of the 5 Examples of Defense Mechanisms

Knows one is doing an unacceptable behavior, so you point out what another person is doing

Repression

One of the 5 Examples of Defense Mechanisms

Trying to hide unacceptable thoughts/feelings

Resistance

Part of Psychodynamic Learning Theory

Characterized by childhood experience

Inhibit transfer of learning

1. Motivation

2. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

2 Components of the Humanistic Learning Theory

1. Physiologic

2. Safety & Security

3. Love & Belongingness

4. Self-Esteem

5. Self-Actualization

Original Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs (from Least Order to Highest Order)

Self-Transcendence

In Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, this includes communication with a higher order.