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Conceptual Modelling
A model existing in the mind used to understand and represent ideas.
Graphical Model
A visualization of an idea, often created on paper or through software, in two or three dimensions.
Physical Model
The creation of a tangible version of an object that can be physically interacted with.
Virtual Model
Photorealistic CAD-based interactive models that use surface and solid modelling.
Diagram
A simplified drawing showing relationships or processes.
Pictorial Flow Chart
A visual representation of processes or systems.
Rendered Sketch
A detailed drawing with shading and texture.
CAD Model
A computer-generated 3D representation of an object.
Perspective Drawings
Drawings that represent objects with depth using vanishing points.
Isometric Drawing
A 3D view showing shape and form at a 30/90/30 degree angle.
Orthographic Projection
2D views of an object showing exact shape and size, used for detailed construction.
Exploded Isometric Drawing
A 3D drawing showing assembly and component parts in an exploded view.
One Point Perspective
Drawing with a single vanishing point.
Two Point Perspective
Drawing with two vanishing points.
Three Point Perspective
Drawing with three vanishing points.
Assembly Drawing
A diagram showing how components fit together, often in an exploded view.
Parts Drawing
Orthographic drawings detailing individual components.
Sketches
Rough, spontaneous drawings used for idea exploration.
Formal Drawing
Precise drawings (e.g., orthographic, isometric) used in the realization stage.
Physical Modelling
Using physical models to visualize and test information about a product's context and user requirements.
Scale Models
Models that are scaled down or up versions of objects to help visualize and manipulate them.
Architecture Model
A scaled down model of a large structure like a building to understand its design in its environment.
Aesthetic Models
Models developed to look and feel like the final product but do not function.
Mock-ups
Scale or full-size representations of a product used to gather user feedback.
Prototypes
Samples or models built to test concepts or processes, with varying levels of fidelity.
Fidelity
The degree to which a prototype resembles the final product, with levels including low, middle, and high fidelity.
Instrumented Models
Prototypes equipped with measurement tools to provide accurate quantitative feedback.
Computer Aided Design (CAD)
The use of computers to aid in the design process, including creating, modifying, and analyzing designs.
Surface Modelling
Models providing a realistic picture of the final model but without interior data.
Solid Modelling
Models that provide complete data for realizing the final product, including interior details.
Top-Down Design
A design process where the concept evolves into a complete product with components and sub-assemblies.
Bottom-Up Design
A design process where parts are created independently and then assembled.
Virtual Prototyping
CAD-based interactive models that simulate and visualize designs digitally.
Digital Humans
Computer simulations of human biomechanics used to predict reactions in various environments.
Haptic Technology
Technology that provides feedback through the sense of touch using mechanical actuators.
Motion Capture
Recording human or animal movements to create digital representations of motion.
Finite Element Analysis (FEA)
Simulation of stresses and factors within products using CAD systems.
Rapid Prototyping (RP)
A process that uses additive manufacturing techniques to quickly produce physical models with internal details, reducing development time and material waste.
Additive Manufacturing
A process where material is added layer by layer to create a product, as opposed to subtractive manufacturing where material is removed.
Stereolithography (SLA)
A 3D printing process using a laser to harden layers of photosensitive resin, used for creating models, prototypes, and production parts.
Laminated Object Manufacturing (LOM)
A process where sliced CAD data layers are cut from material rolls and glued together to form a 3D model.
Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM)
A 3D printing technique where a heated extrusion nozzle moves along the x, y, and z axes to build a model layer by layer with plastic or composite filaments.
Selective Laser Sintering (SLS)
A 3D printing process that uses a CO2 laser to fuse heat-fusible powder into a 3D model, with materials including plastic, metal, ceramics, and glass.
Subtractive Manufacturing
A process where material is removed from a solid block to create a product, as opposed to additive manufacturing.
