Cell Theory, Cell Organelles, Bacteria, and Viruses

What are the 3 scientist that contributed to the cell theory?

Hooke, Leeuwenhoek, and Schleiden

What are the three principles of Cell Theory?

All organisms are made of cells, all existing cells were made by other living cells, and cells are the most basic unit of life.

What can a cell wall NOT do?

A cell wall isn’t permeable so it can’t control what goes in and out of the cell.

What does it mean when the cell membrane is slightly permeable?

It can choose what comes in and goes out of the cell.

What are microtubules apart of?

The cell skeleton

What do microtubules do?

They work s supporting framework to maintain the shape of a cell

What is a heterodimer?

Basic building block made by an alpha tubulin joining with a beta tubulin.

What do the alpha and beta tubulins do?

Stack end to end to create the the hollow tube

What organelle does this represent?

Microtubule

What is the nuclear membrane?

Protective wall around the nucleus

Where and what is the nucleolus?

Inside the nucleus, it makes ribosomes

What does a nucleus contain?

Directions on how to make proteins and genetic information

What is a nucleus?

Brain of the cell.

What is chromatin?

Main set of directions for making proteins in the form of genes and DNA

What is solenoid chromatin fiber?

Coiled structure formed when DNA wrapped around nucleosomes twists into a tight spiral.

What does solenoid chromatin fiber help with?

Packing long strands of DNA into a cell nucleus

What are Histones?

Proteins that act as spools for DNA to wrap around

What can Histones do?

Package and control DNA + Control genes

What are telomeres?

Protective caps made of DNA at the end of our chromosomes

What are centromeres?

They hold 2 twin copies of DNA and pull them apart safely when a cell divides

Which arm is the short one in a condensed chromosome?

The P-arm

Which arm is the long one in a condensed chromosome?

The Q-arm

This is the structure of what?

Condensed chromosome

This is the structure of what?

Solenoid chromatin fiber

This is the structure of what?

Chromatin

What kind of molecule would you find inside a Lysosome?

Digestive enzymes

What do bound ribosomes make?

Proteins that are to stay inside the cytoplasm

What do free ribosomes make?

Proteins that are to be sent outside of the cell

What does rough ER have that smooth ER doesn’t?

Present ribosomes

Function of smooth ER?

Change proteins and make lipids

Where are products of the smooth ER sent

Golgi apparatus

What is cisternal space?

Fluid filed pocket in cell parts like the ER

What’s a benefit of ribosomes being attached to the rough ER

They are transported faster/easier

What can cisternal space help with?

Making, folding, and moving important proteins.

What is cisternae made of?

Cell membrane

What can cisternae do?

Sort and package proteins

What does the Golgi Apparatus do?

Flatten and package proteins/cellular products to be sent to their appropriate destination

This is the structure of what?

Smooth ER

This is the structuring of what?

Rough ER

What is stroma?

Gel-like substance surrounding grana

The stroma is the site of what?

The calvin cycle

What is the Calvin cycle?

The part of photosynthesis where plants use energy from sunlight and carbon dioxide to build sugars

What do thyakoids hold?

Sunlight and chlorophyll

What are sacs of thylakoids called?

Grana

What is stroma lamellae?

Thin membrane tubes that connect grana

Will you find centrioles in animal cells, plant cells, or both?

Only animal cells

What do centrioles help with?

Cell division

What is a centrosome?

Acts as the main control center for organizing the cells microtubules.

What can centrosomes help with?

Seperating chromosomes into new cells

This is the structuring of what?

Centrosome/Centriole pair

What is the cytoskeleton?

Network for tubes and threads that give internal structural support

Cillia, pilli, flagella are..

Tiny hair-like particles mostly made of protiends

What are cillia, pilli, flagella helpful with?

Movement of cells or the pushing of liquid past the surface of a cell

What can pilli specifically help with?

Sticking of cells or sharing of traits

Do bacteria have cell walls, cell membranes, both, or neither?

Both

Is the cell membrane permeable?

Yes, semi-permeable

Most archeabacteria must live without..

Oxygen

What are the cell walls of eubacteria made of?

Peptidoglycan

What is pedtidoglycan?

Mesh-like layer made cross-inked sugars and amino acids

What form of reproduction is conjugation?

Not assexual

What are the 3 basic shapes of bacteria cells?

Bacilli, Cocci, and spirilla

Bacilli is..

Rod shaped

What are bacterial spores

Protective spores made by bacteria that can’t handle how extreme their environment may get

How does a chemoautotroph get energy?

Removing electrons from inorganic + organic molecules

Pathogens are..

Any micro-organisms that cause disease

What are heterotrophic pathrogens?

Pathogens that make their host organisms ill by metabolizing their nutrients

What are bacterial pathogens?

Pathogens that release toxins harmful to eukaryotes

When it comes to bacteria, some mutations..

Allow resistance to antibiotics

What is a virus?

A biological particle made of nucleic acids and proteins

What is an intracellular parasite?

An organism that must “live“ inside a host

Why are viruses seen as non-living?

They aren’t made of cells, cant reproduce on their own, don’t metabolize energy, and have no cellular processes

Why are viruses seen as living?

Host helps with reproduction, has nucleic acid, able to adapt, and has organization

What do all viruses have?

Capsid and nucleic acid.

What do some viruses have?

Tail fibers

What are tail fibers?

Hair-like proteins used for attachment

What is another way viruses may enter a cell?

Phagocytosis

What is replication in the lytic cycle?

Ribosomes used by virus DNA/RNA to make virus proteins.

How do transcription and translation work in creating virus proteins?

Viral DNA → Transcription → Viral RNA → Translation → Viral Proteins

How is replication different between the viral life cycles?

In the lysogenic cycle, the provirus is created

What is a provirus?

Virus and cell DNA combined

What happens with an infected cell carries our mitosis during the lysogenic cycle?

Each new cell will have the provirus

What is a retrovirus?

RNA virus with an enzyme call “reverse transcriptase“

What is reverse transcriptase?

An enzyme that converts RNA to DNA

What is AIDS?

Acquired IMmunodeficiency Syndrome

AIDS result when…

Amount of T-cells drop, multiple symptoms/infections appear

How does HIV cause AIDS?

By killing your T-cells

True or false: Viruses can affect cell activity

True

True or false: Both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells can be infected by viruses

True

What do you need to aid in ridding viruses?

Antivirals

True or false: Both viruses and bacteria have metabolic processes

False, only bacteria

What does lysogenic cycle use? (DNA)

Cell DNA + Viral DNA

What does lytic cycle use? (DNA)

Only cell DNA

What is osmosis

Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane

True or false: Osmosis, Diffusion, and Facilitated Diffusion are forms of passive transport

True

What is Diffusion?

The movement of the molecules of a substance to where they are more concentrated to where they are less concentrated

What is Facilitated Diffusion?

Transport molecules making a path for certain molecules to pass through the membrane

What is a hypertonic solution?

When the concentration of solute is higher and the concentration of water is lower

What is a hypotonic solution?

When the concentration of solute is lower and the concentration of water is higher

What is an isotonic solution?

2 solutions having the same solute concentration

In endocytosis..

Materials are taking into a cell