AMSCO 16-18

What is the main point of Mikhail Bakunin's passage?

Bakunin argues that a universal model for political organization cannot be imposed due to diverse national conditions, emphasizing the need to abolish classes and privileges for true freedom.

What are the 'absolutely essential conditions' for the practical realization of freedom according to Bakunin?

They include the abolition of classes and privileges, absolute equality of political rights, universal suffrage, and the dissolution of the state.

What would Bakunin argue against in his passage about political organization?

He would argue against imposing a universal model for political organization, as it contradicts freedom and stifles diversity.

What is being criticized in the political cartoon about Tsar Nicholas I?

The cartoon criticizes Tsar Nicholas I for playing a 'dangerous game' in European politics, suggesting his actions were risky and destabilizing.

What 'dangerous game' was Tsar Nicholas I playing according to the cartoon?

It was his alliance with conservative European rulers opposing liberal reforms, contributing to tensions in Europe.

Why would the political cartoon about Tsar Nicholas I have been more effective in Britain?

The British public had greater awareness of world events due to communication advancements like the telegraph and photography.

What is the main argument in Count Camillo di Cavour's passage regarding Italy?

Cavour argues that Italy's misfortunes stem from foreign influence and internal divisions, emphasizing nationalism for progress.

How does Cavour view the role of nationalism in moral development?

He believes nationalism is crucial for a nation's intellectual and moral growth, elevating the dignity of the masses.

What obstacles to Italian unification does Cavour identify?

He identifies internal divisions, rivalries, and distrust between national princes and progressive segments of society.

What was Cavour’s vision for Italy’s future?

A united Italy driven by nationalism, overcoming divisions and foreign domination for progress and independence.

What does Cavour mean by the necessity of a strong nationalism for intelligence and morality?

He means that a strong national identity is essential for a nation’s growth; without it, the populace remains inferior.

Why is national pride essential for personal dignity according to Cavour?

It provides lower classes with a sense of importance and dignity, which they might otherwise lack.

Which cultural influence most directly led to the spread of revolutionary ideas?

The cultural influence of Romantic writers and artists played a significant role in spreading these ideas.

What undermined the colonial relationship depicted in the image?

Ethiopia’s defeat of Italy undermined the colonial relationship by demonstrating the ability of colonized nations to resist and defeat European powers.

In which context is the Program of the Pan-German League best understood?

It is best understood in the context of Germany’s shift toward a more aggressive foreign policy under Wilhelm II.

What aspect of imperialism does the passage on policy exemplify?

It exemplifies the technological infrastructure that facilitated imperial expansion.

What had the greatest impact on European imperial expansion in the late 19th century aside from the factors described?

Advances in medicine to combat disease had the greatest impact, allowing for survival in tropical regions.

What is Hobson’s critique of imperialism?

Hobson critiques imperialism as benefiting certain business interests rather than the nation, causing economic instability.

Which claim about the colonial system did Hobson most directly challenge?

He challenged the claim that imperialists were civilizing colonial subjects, arguing it was driven by economic interests.

Who would most likely share Hobson’s views on imperialism?

Socialists would likely share Hobson’s views, opposing imperialism on economic and moral grounds.

How does Headrick support his argument on New Imperialism from 1870-1914?

He supports it by showing the increase in land controlled by Europeans enabled by technology, like steamships.

What evidence undermines Headrick’s argument on New Imperialism?

Economic motivations for accessing raw materials and markets were often more important than technological advancements.

What piece of evidence from the Age of Exploration supports Headrick’s argument?

European nations expanded in the Americas driven by economic interests such as trade routes and resources.

How did imperial encounters influence European artists?

The influence of African art led to the development of Primitivism, impacting modern art movements.

How did imperial encounters affect writers from 1870-1914?

Writers like Joseph Conrad used imperial encounters to explore themes of colonization and exploitation.

How did encounters with non-European peoples influence European diets?

The discovery of the Americas introduced new foods, significantly altering European diets and agriculture.

What artistic movement do Turner and Goya belong to?

They are part of the Romanticism movement, emphasizing emotion and the awe of nature.

How does Romanticism oppose Enlightenment principles?

Romanticism contrasts by emphasizing individual emotion and the natural world over reason and order.

Who is a literary exponent of Romanticism?

Percy Bysshe Shelley is considered a key literary figure of Romanticism.

What theory does Herbert Spencer's writing relate to?

It relates to the theory of natural selection, reflecting Social Darwinism.

What system found support in Social Darwinism according to the passage?

Imperialism found support in Social Darwinism, justifying the domination of weaker nations.

What do Sorel and other anti-capitalists advocate for societal transformation?

They advocate for proletariat strikes as necessary acts of violence to overthrow the state.

What philosophical school does Sorel's passage represent?

It represents Irrationalism, emphasizing emotion and instinct over reason.

Which thinkers would likely agree with Sorel's ideas?

Nietzsche and Bergson would likely agree with Sorel's emphasis on the irrational aspects of human nature.

What main idea does Canady express about Romanticism?

Canady argues that Romanticism rejected Classical order and structure in favor of chaos and unpredictability.

What evidence supports Canady’s argument on Romanticism?

The tumultuous events in France post-1789 illustrate the unpredictability embraced by Romantic artists.

What contradicts Canady’s argument on Romanticism?

Some Romantic artists still sought elements of harmony and balance in their works.

What continuity exists between Realist artists and earlier artists?

Both continued the tradition of depicting everyday life and the human condition.

What change exists between Realist artists and earlier artists?

Realists rejected idealized depictions, focusing instead on the harsh realities of life.

What reason explains the change in themes between Realists and earlier artists?

Social upheaval from industrialization and urbanization prompted Realists to address harsh social realities.