McGraw Hill Chapter 1

Palpation

means feeling a structure with the hands

Auscultation

means listening to the natural sounds of the body

Percussion

tapping, feeling, and listening to the body for signs of abnormalities

Dissection

cutting and separating tissues

Comparative Anatomy

the study of multiple species in order to examine similarities and differences and analyze evolution trends

Exploratory Surgery

opening body and taking a look inside to see what is wrong

Medical Imaging

methods of viewing the body inside without surgery

Gross Anatomy

Structure that can be seen with the naked eye

Microscopic Anatomy

viewing structures of the body with a microscope

Histology

study of tissues

Histopathology

study of diseases in tissues

Cytology

Study of cells

Neurophysiology

physiology of the nervous system

Endocrinology

physiology of hormones

Pathophysiology

study of disease

Hippocrates

father of medicine

Aristotle

believed that diseases had supernatural and physical causes

“On the Parts of Animals”

Theologi

supernatural causes of disease

Physiologi

natural causes for disease

Metrodora

First greek woman physician to publish a medical book

Claudias Green

physician to roman gladiators that did animal dissections because cadavers were banned

Maimonides

Jewish physician who wrote 10 influential medical texts

Avicenna

Combined Galen and Aristotles’ finding with original discoveries

William Harvey

realized blood flows out from the heart and back to it again

(with Micheal Servetus)

Andreas Vesalius

performed his own dissections after the Catholic Church relaxed restrictions on cadavers

Galileo

created the idea of using optical lenses to observe life at cellular level (microscopy)

Marcello Malpighi

used microscope to study biological material and observed blood cells, capillaries, capillary blood flow

Robert Hooke

improved the microscope and first to see and name cells

Leeuwenhoek

invented simple lens microscope and published observations

Schleiden and Schwann

created the first cell theory that all organisms are composed of cells

Inductive Method

the process of making numerous observations until confident enough to draw generalizations

Hypothetical-Deductive Method

formulating a hypothesis

Falsifiability

if a claim is true, we must be able to specify what evidence it would take to prove it wrong

Fact

information that can be independently verified by any trained person

A law of nature

a generalization about the predictable ways in which matter and energy behave

Theory

is an explanatory statement derived from facts, laws, and confirmed hypothesis

Evolution

change in the genetic composition of a population of organisms

Natural Selection

some individuals within a species have hereditary advantages over their competitors

Selection Pressures

natural forces that promote the reproductive success of some individuals more than others

Adaptations

features that evolve and enables organisms to cope with environmental changes

Charles Darwin

created the theory of evolution and natural selection

Model

an animal species or strain selected for research on a particular problem

Vestigial Organs

Remnants of organs that were better developed and for functional in the ancestors of species

Arboreal

treetop mammals

Opposable thumbs

made hands prehensile able to grasp objects

Stereoscopic vision

ability to perceive depth and distance

Bipedalism

walking upright

Evolutionary Medicine

analyzes how human disease and dysfunctions can be traced

Reductionism

theory that studying the simpler components can help understand the large complex system like the human body

Holistic

theory that there are emergent properties of the whole organism that can’t be predicted from the properties of its separate parts

Anatomical Variation

Not everyone’s anatomy is the same except for identical twins

Cellular Composition

living matter is always compartmentalized into one or more cells

Metabolism

body cells converting molecules from the outside into energy

Responsiveness and Movement

the ability to sense and react to stimuli

Homeostasis

the ability to maintain internal stability

Growth and Development

any change in form or function over the lifetime of the organism

Reproduction

living organisms produce copies of themselves and passing their genes

Vasodilation

the widening of blood vessels

Negative Feedback Loop

reverses change to maintain a state of equilibrium

Positive Feedback Loop

when a physiological change leads to even greater change

Baroreceptors

blood pressure sensory never in large arteries above the heart

Receptor

a structure that senses a change in the body

Gradients

difference in concentration, charge, pressure and temperature