omol

what is a radioactive isotope

One in which the nucleus decays spontaneously, giving off particles and energy. Can decay to a different element

what is a cation

A positively charged atom

what is an anion

A negatively charged atom

what is estradiol

A steroid hormone that stimulates the development and maintenance of the female reproductive system and secondary sex characteristics; the major estrogen in mammals

what is testosterone

Asteroid hormone required for development of the male reproductive system, spermatogenesis, and male secondary sex characteristics; the major androgen in mammals

what is a hydroxyl group

group consisting of an oxygen atom joined to a hydrogen atom. Molecules possessing this group are soluble in water and are called alcohols

what is an ester group

A chemical group consisting of a carbon double bonded to oxygen and single bonded to another oxygen (must be in middle of chain)

what is a carboxyl group

A chemical group consisting of a single carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom and also bonded to a hydroxyl group

what is an ionized carboxyl group

A chemical group consisting of a single carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom and also bonded to a negatively charged oxygen

what is an amino group

A chemical group consisting of a nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms can act as a base in solution, accepting a hydrogen ion and acquiring a charge of 1⁺

what is a sulfhydryl group

A chemical group consisting of a sulfur atom bonded to a hydrogen atom

what is a phosphate group

A chemical group consisting of a phosphate atom bonded to four oxygen atoms; important in energy transfer

what is metabolism

All the chemical conversions that occur within a cell

Metabolism = anabolism + catabolism

what is catabolism

Conversion of complex organic molecules into smaller molecules by breaking chemical bonds

what is anabolism

Conversion of small organic molecules by forming chemical bonds between smaller molecules

what is a methyl group

a group where a carbon atom bound to 3 hydrogen atoms

what is a amine group

when 2 nitrogen valence electrons don’t have bonds and the others are bonded with hydrogens or an R group

what is HDL and LDL

HDL is good cholesterol and LDL is bad cholesterol

what are some examples of steriods

cholesterol, estrogen, testosterone, vitamin D, progesterone, cortisol, and aldosterone

what is a peptide bond

covalent bond between amino acids

what do protein hormones do

they function in structure, messaging, and homeostasis.

what is an ester bond

bond that happens triglyceride is formed when 1 glycerol molecule links with 3 fatty acid molecule

what is a monomer

a molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer

what is a polymer

2+ monomers bonded together

what are the features of carbon

• 4 electrons in the outer shell

•can form 4 covalent bonds with atoms

•can form single, double, and triple covalent

• Can form large molecules which will differ based on bonds, shape, and structure

• Can form large molecules which will differ based on bonds, shape, and structure

• can form isomers (things with the same molecular formula but different atomic  structure)

what are the isomers of carbon

structural isomers, cis-trans isomers, and enantiomers

what is a structural isomer

when the covalent bond arrangement differs

what is a cis-trans isomer

when the spacial arrangements are different

what is a enantiomer

when there are mirror image of a molecule

what are functional groups

Molecules that attach to carbon molecules and regulate its function

what are the functional groups

hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, sulfahydryl, phosphate, and methyl

what is a monomer

a single subunit of macromolecules (ex: glucose)

what is a dimer

two subunits of macromolecules

what is a polymer

2+ subunits of macromolecules (ex: cellulose, proteins)

what is dehydration synthesis

when polymers are made by removing water

what is hydrolysis

when polymers are broken down by adding water

what is the function of carbohydrates

fast energy, energy storage, and building material/support

what are carbs made up of

C, H, O

what do carbs end in

\-ose

what is a monosaccharide

a simple sugar

what are the monosaccharides

glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose, deoxyribose

what are the 6 carbon monosaccharides

glucose, fructose, and galactose

what are the 5 carbon monosaccharides

ribose and deoxyribose

what is a disaccharide

2 monosaccharides joined together

what are the disaccharides

maltose, lactose, and sucrose

what is a polysaccharide

2+ monosaccharide joined together

what are some examples of polysaccharides

cellulose (plants), starch (plants), glycogen (animals), and chitin (plants/insects)

what is the function of glucose, fructose, and galactose

they provide fast energy

what is the function of cellulose, starch, and glycogen

energy storage

what is the function of chitin

structure (exoskeletons)

what determines the properties and functions of polysaccharides

their structure

what is a triose

a 3 carbon sugar

what is a pentose

a 5 carbon sugar

what is a hexoses

a 6 carbon sugar

what makes up maltose

glucose + glucose

what makes up lactose

glucose + galactose

what makes up sucrose

glucose + fructose

what is glycosidic linkage

the covalent bonds formed during dehydration synthesis of carbohydrates

what is the formula for glucose

C6H12O6

what is an oligosaccharide

3-10 monosaccharides bonded together

what do oligosaccharides do

they bind to lipids forming glycolipids or proteins forming glycoproteins

why are oligosaccharides important and where are they found

they are important in cell signaling and immune function and are found on the cell membrane

what are lipids also known as

fats, oils, and waxes

what are the functions of lipids

long-term energy storage, insulation, synthesis of cell membranes/steroids/proteins, and cell signaling (glycolipid)

what are lipids composed of

C, H, O

are lipids polar or nonpolar and hydrophobic or hydrophilic

nonpolar and hydrophobic

what is a subunit of a lipid

a glycerol (alcohol) and 3 fatty acids (triglycerides)

what are cell membranes made of

a phospholipid bilayer

what does a phospholipid bilayer do

they control diffusion of substances across the cell membrane

what is the structure of a phospolipid

the phosphorus-containing group is the “head” and the 2 fatty acid chains are the “tail”

is the head in a phospholipid polar or nonpolar and hydrophilic or hydrophobic

polar and hydrophilic

is the tail in a phospholipid polar or nonpolar and hydrophilic or hydrophobic

nonpolar and hydrophobic

how does dehydration synthesis make lipids

When forming a lipid, glycerol will lose the H+ and the attaching fatty acids will lose OH-. Water forms and the fatty acid attaches to the glycerol

what is a saturated fatty acid

when all the hydrocarbon bonds are single bonds

what do saturated fatty acids look like

Long, linear chains

what do saturated fats usually animal or plant fats

animal like lard and butter

are saturated fats solid or liquid at room temperature

solid

what are unsaturated fatty acids

when some of the hydrocarbon bonds are double bonds

what is the shape of unsaturated fatty acids

the chains are bent at the double bonds

are unsaturated fatty acids liquid or solid at room temperature

liquid

are unsaturated fatty acids usually plant or animal fats

plants

are saturated fatty acids unsaturated fatty acids more healthy

unsaturated fatty acids

what are omega 3 fatty acids

Polyunsaturated fatty acids

where are omega 3 fatty acids found

in marine organisms and plants like walnuts

how are omega 3 fatty acids good for you

they are good for heart and brain health

what is cholesterol

Major constituent in the cell membrane

what does cholesterol do

allows cell membrane to maintain flexibility and fluidity

what does cholesteral do

allows cell membrane to maintain flexibility and fluidity, Forms the base for all steroid hormones, and necessary for all cell signaling/communication

what are proteins made of

C, H, N, O and sometimes S

what do proteins do

the function in immunity (antibodies), enzymes (catalysts), storage, transport, structure, hormones, movement

what is a protein monomer

amino acids (monopeptides)

how many monopeptide are known

\~20

what is a polypeptide

proteins like keratin or collagen

what is the r group in amino acids

constituents to the amino group, form peptide bonds (bonds between proteins)

what are the groups in amino acids

the amino group, carboxyl group, and r group

what is a terminus

A term that identifies one end of a protein molecule

what is the N terminus

it is the start of a protein and the part that leaves the ribosome first during protein synthesis

what is the c terminus

the end of a protein that has C O O H

what is the carboxylic group in amino acids

the group with C O O H

what is the amine group in amino acids

the group with H N H