Studied by 79 people
what is a radioactive isotope
One in which the nucleus decays spontaneously, giving off particles and energy. Can decay to a different element
what is a cation
A positively charged atom
what is an anion
A negatively charged atom
what is estradiol
A steroid hormone that stimulates the development and maintenance of the female reproductive system and secondary sex characteristics; the major estrogen in mammals
what is testosterone
Asteroid hormone required for development of the male reproductive system, spermatogenesis, and male secondary sex characteristics; the major androgen in mammals
what is a hydroxyl group
group consisting of an oxygen atom joined to a hydrogen atom. Molecules possessing this group are soluble in water and are called alcohols
what is an ester group
A chemical group consisting of a carbon double bonded to oxygen and single bonded to another oxygen (must be in middle of chain)
what is a carboxyl group
A chemical group consisting of a single carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom and also bonded to a hydroxyl group
what is an ionized carboxyl group
A chemical group consisting of a single carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom and also bonded to a negatively charged oxygen
what is an amino group
A chemical group consisting of a nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms can act as a base in solution, accepting a hydrogen ion and acquiring a charge of 1⁺
what is a sulfhydryl group
A chemical group consisting of a sulfur atom bonded to a hydrogen atom
what is a phosphate group
A chemical group consisting of a phosphate atom bonded to four oxygen atoms; important in energy transfer
what is metabolism
All the chemical conversions that occur within a cell
Metabolism = anabolism + catabolism
what is catabolism
Conversion of complex organic molecules into smaller molecules by breaking chemical bonds
what is anabolism
Conversion of small organic molecules by forming chemical bonds between smaller molecules
what is a methyl group
a group where a carbon atom bound to 3 hydrogen atoms
what is a amine group
when 2 nitrogen valence electrons don’t have bonds and the others are bonded with hydrogens or an R group
what is HDL and LDL
HDL is good cholesterol and LDL is bad cholesterol
what are some examples of steriods
cholesterol, estrogen, testosterone, vitamin D, progesterone, cortisol, and aldosterone
what is a peptide bond
covalent bond between amino acids
what do protein hormones do
they function in structure, messaging, and homeostasis.
what is an ester bond
bond that happens triglyceride is formed when 1 glycerol molecule links with 3 fatty acid molecule
what is a monomer
a molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer
what is a polymer
2+ monomers bonded together
what are the features of carbon
• 4 electrons in the outer shell
•can form 4 covalent bonds with atoms
•can form single, double, and triple covalent
• Can form large molecules which will differ based on bonds, shape, and structure
• Can form large molecules which will differ based on bonds, shape, and structure
• can form isomers (things with the same molecular formula but different atomic structure)
what are the isomers of carbon
structural isomers, cis-trans isomers, and enantiomers
what is a structural isomer
when the covalent bond arrangement differs
what is a cis-trans isomer
when the spacial arrangements are different
what is a enantiomer
when there are mirror image of a molecule
what are functional groups
Molecules that attach to carbon molecules and regulate its function
what are the functional groups
hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, sulfahydryl, phosphate, and methyl
what is a monomer
a single subunit of macromolecules (ex: glucose)
what is a dimer
two subunits of macromolecules
what is a polymer
2+ subunits of macromolecules (ex: cellulose, proteins)
what is dehydration synthesis
when polymers are made by removing water
what is hydrolysis
when polymers are broken down by adding water
what is the function of carbohydrates
fast energy, energy storage, and building material/support
what are carbs made up of
C, H, O
what do carbs end in
-ose
what is a monosaccharide
a simple sugar
what are the monosaccharides
glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose, deoxyribose
what are the 6 carbon monosaccharides
glucose, fructose, and galactose
what are the 5 carbon monosaccharides
ribose and deoxyribose
what is a disaccharide
2 monosaccharides joined together
what are the disaccharides
maltose, lactose, and sucrose
what is a polysaccharide
2+ monosaccharide joined together
what are some examples of polysaccharides
cellulose (plants), starch (plants), glycogen (animals), and chitin (plants/insects)
what is the function of glucose, fructose, and galactose
they provide fast energy
what is the function of cellulose, starch, and glycogen
energy storage
what is the function of chitin
structure (exoskeletons)
what determines the properties and functions of polysaccharides
their structure
what is a triose
a 3 carbon sugar
what is a pentose
a 5 carbon sugar
what is a hexoses
a 6 carbon sugar
what makes up maltose
glucose + glucose
what makes up lactose
glucose + galactose
what makes up sucrose
glucose + fructose
what is glycosidic linkage
the covalent bonds formed during dehydration synthesis of carbohydrates
what is the formula for glucose
C6H12O6
what is an oligosaccharide
3-10 monosaccharides bonded together
what do oligosaccharides do
they bind to lipids forming glycolipids or proteins forming glycoproteins
why are oligosaccharides important and where are they found
they are important in cell signaling and immune function and are found on the cell membrane
what are lipids also known as
fats, oils, and waxes
what are the functions of lipids
long-term energy storage, insulation, synthesis of cell membranes/steroids/proteins, and cell signaling (glycolipid)
what are lipids composed of
C, H, O
are lipids polar or nonpolar and hydrophobic or hydrophilic
nonpolar and hydrophobic
what is a subunit of a lipid
a glycerol (alcohol) and 3 fatty acids (triglycerides)
what are cell membranes made of
a phospholipid bilayer
what does a phospholipid bilayer do
they control diffusion of substances across the cell membrane
what is the structure of a phospolipid
the phosphorus-containing group is the “head” and the 2 fatty acid chains are the “tail”
is the head in a phospholipid polar or nonpolar and hydrophilic or hydrophobic
polar and hydrophilic
is the tail in a phospholipid polar or nonpolar and hydrophilic or hydrophobic
nonpolar and hydrophobic
how does dehydration synthesis make lipids
When forming a lipid, glycerol will lose the H+ and the attaching fatty acids will lose OH-. Water forms and the fatty acid attaches to the glycerol
what is a saturated fatty acid
when all the hydrocarbon bonds are single bonds
what do saturated fatty acids look like
Long, linear chains
what do saturated fats usually animal or plant fats
animal like lard and butter
are saturated fats solid or liquid at room temperature
solid
what are unsaturated fatty acids
when some of the hydrocarbon bonds are double bonds
what is the shape of unsaturated fatty acids
the chains are bent at the double bonds
are unsaturated fatty acids liquid or solid at room temperature
liquid
are unsaturated fatty acids usually plant or animal fats
plants
are saturated fatty acids unsaturated fatty acids more healthy
unsaturated fatty acids
what are omega 3 fatty acids
Polyunsaturated fatty acids
where are omega 3 fatty acids found
in marine organisms and plants like walnuts
how are omega 3 fatty acids good for you
they are good for heart and brain health
what is cholesterol
Major constituent in the cell membrane
what does cholesterol do
allows cell membrane to maintain flexibility and fluidity
what does cholesteral do
allows cell membrane to maintain flexibility and fluidity, Forms the base for all steroid hormones, and necessary for all cell signaling/communication
what are proteins made of
C, H, N, O and sometimes S
what do proteins do
the function in immunity (antibodies), enzymes (catalysts), storage, transport, structure, hormones, movement
what is a protein monomer
amino acids (monopeptides)
how many monopeptide are known
~20
what is a polypeptide
proteins like keratin or collagen
what is the r group in amino acids
constituents to the amino group, form peptide bonds (bonds between proteins)
what are the groups in amino acids
the amino group, carboxyl group, and r group
what is a terminus
A term that identifies one end of a protein molecule
what is the N terminus
it is the start of a protein and the part that leaves the ribosome first during protein synthesis
what is the c terminus
the end of a protein that has C O O H
what is the carboxylic group in amino acids
the group with C O O H
what is the amine group in amino acids
the group with H N H
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