hspts exam 1

what is 3 showing

epimysium

what is 2 showing

perimysium

what is 5 showing

fasiculus

how many muscles fibers are in a fasiculus

150

what is 4 showing

muscle fiber

what is 6 showing

epimysium

when muscle fibers contract, what direction do they contract in

together in the same direction because the force is applied in one direction

what is tropomyosin made of

thin filament

what is troponin made of

thick filament

what is number 8

midline

what is 6 showing

h zone

what is 2 showing

a band

what is 7 showing

I band

what occurs in the resting phase

no muscle tension

what occurs in excitation-coupling

Motor neuron is excited

Ca2+ is released from sarcoplasmic reticulum
Troponin moves to reveal binding site

Cross bridges are formed

what occurs during contraction

ATP energy is released for cross bridges flexion

myosin heads pull & shorten muscle fiber

what occurs during recharge

cross bridges repeat flexion with Ca2+ and ATP presence

what occurs during relaxation

motor nerve stimulation ends

Ca2+ returns to sarcoplasmic reticulum

Troponin hides binding sites again

what is type I muscle fiber

slow twitch, long term usage

what classification is type 1

oxidative and fatigue resistant

what levels of mitochondira, aerobic enzyme, and capillary density does type 1 have

high mitochondria, aeorbic enzyme, capillary density

what is type 2a muscle fiber

fast twitch

what classification is type 2a

oxidative & glycolytic and has resistant qualities

what levels of mitochondira, aerobic enzyme, and capillary density does type 2a have

medium

what is muscle type 2b

fast twitch, fast contractions

what classification is type 2b

glycolytic and easily fatigued

what levels of mitochondira, aerobic enzyme, and capillary density does type 2b have

low

what is the relationship between concentric muscle actions

total tension > resistance, muscle shortens

what is the relationship between eccentric muscle actions

total tension < resistance, muscle lengthens

what is the relationship between isometric muscle actions

total tension = resistance, muscle is unchanged

what is motor recruitment

muscle type does not matter when recruited, more number of fibers = more F produced

what type of fiber produces more force in one motor unit

type 2

what is all or none

all fibers contract and develop F

stronger action potential does not equal stronger contraction

what is preloading

when a load is lifted, there must be enough F to overcome the inertia

what is proprioception

awareness of the body in space with gravity

function of muscle spindles

tells muscle to contract and prevents muscle tear from excess stretching

where are muscle spindles located

inside the muscles

function of golgi tendon organs

senses tension and force exerted from muscle, inhibits contraction to prevent injury

where is the golgi tendon organ located

outside the muscle, innervates the ends of the muscle

what is bio energetics

flow of energy in biological system such as macronutrients converted to usable forms for energy

what is catabolism

breakdown of large molecules and releases energy from broken bonds

what is anabolism

synthesis of large molecules which use energy from catabolic reactions

what is exergonic rxns

energy releasing, catabolic

what is endergonic rxns

needs energy, anabolic

what is metabolism

total reactions in a system

what are the products of hydrolyzed ATP

energy + Pi + ADP + H+

what are the products of hydrolyzed ADP

energy + Pi + AMP + H+

what is the phosphagen (ATP-PCr) rxn used for

baseline ATP usage in the body

what does the ATP-PCr rxn use

creatine kinase

what is the process of ATP-PCr rxn

creatine kinase binds to phosphate group of ADP

create ATP for body usage

replenishes quickly

anaerobic

what is law of ass actin

concentration of reactants/products drive the production

what are the products of glycolysis

2 ATP/3 ATP, 2 pyruvate, 2 NADH

what are the two pathways that pyruvate can take

becoming lactate or going into the mitochondria for the Kreb’s cycle

what is the differences between pyruvate’s pathways

lactate is used for short term energy and limited

kreb’s cycle produces more atp and for long term

what stimulates glycolysis to start

hi concentration of ADP, Pi, and ammonia

what stops glycolysis

low concentration of pH and ATP

what is lactate threshold in individuals

the increasing reliance on anaerobic mechanisms to produce energy

what s onset of blood lactate (OBLA)

the secondary increase of lactate accumulation in blood

what are oxidative systems used for

primary source of ATP during low intensity activities

what do oxidative systems use for their rxns

carbs / fats

what are the products of the krebs cycle (2 rotations)

2 ATP + 2 FADH + 6 NADH + 4 CO2

how much ATP is made in the electron transport chain

30-32 ATP

what is fat oxidation

break down of triglycerides into free fatty acids by lipase

how does fat oxidation make energy

free fatty acids entire mitochondria and broken into Acetyl-CoA for Kreb’s cycle & e- transport chain

400 ATP

what is protein oxidation

proteins are broken into amino acids and converted into glucose/pyruvate/any Kreb’s cycle intermediate to make ATP

when is the Kreb’s cycle reduced

low concentration of NAD + and FAD+

what is the e- transport chain inhibited and stimulated by

stimulated by ADP and inhibited by ATP

when are anaerobic energy systems used

short, hi-intensity exercise

when are glycolytic energys systems used

medium-high intensity workouts

when are oxidative energy systems used

low intensity, long duration exercise

how is each system important during energy usage

each system is used to some degree, never just one system supplying energy

how are phosphagens depleted

creatine phosphate is depleted quickly in early stages of exercise (seconds)

how are phosphagens replenished

ATP is replenished in short amount of time (minutes)

how is glycogen delepted

depleted in relation to exercise intensity

how is glycogen replenished

replenished through carb ingestion

what is the function of the hypothalamus

body temperature, heart rate, and hunger

what is the function of the pituitary gland

growth, metabolism

what is the function of the thyroid gland

metabolic activity

what is the function of the parathyroid gland

calcium levels in the blood

what is the function of the adrenal gland

body response to stress and blood pressure

what is the function of the pancreas

blood sugar levels

how do steroid hormones affect the body

long term effects, attach directly to cell

how do polypeptide hormones affect the body

short term effects, attach to receptors on cell and are secondary messangers

how does force produced in a muscle lead to muscle growth

can activate anabolic factors (ie. hormones)

what mechanisms can change the concentration of hormones in the blood

venous blood pooling/shifting, binding proteins, hormonal degradation

how does testosterone affect muscles

interacts with skeletal muscles and protein synthesis to increase strength and size

what time of day do men get better results

later in day due to testosterone levels

what is free hormone hypothesis

only free hormones interact with target tissues

what does growth hormone respond to

stress (ie. resistance exercise)

how is growth hormone affected with training

little changes in trained individuals and typically when induced with exercise stress

what do insulin-like growth factors do in exercise

involved in protein synthesis and muscle growth

what does cortisol do in exercise

inhibits protein synthesis through catabolic effects

how does cortisol respond with exercise

increases with resistance exercise and additional training may reduce negative effects through increasing cortisol

what do training protocols need to be aware of with hormonal changes

must allow adrenal gland to recover otherwise an increase of cortisol will give negative effects

what is the agonist

muscle most directly involved in bringing about a movement

what is the antagonist

muscle that slows down/stops movement

what is the synergist

muscle that assists the agonist with movement, fine tuning

how does a lever apply force

applies force on object equal in magnitude but opposite direction from resisting force

what is mechanical advantage

ratio of arm movement where applied force is greater than resistance force

what does a mechanical advantage of over 1 mean

applied force is less than resistive force and produces equal torque