psych 2nd exam

Acute Stress Disorder (ASD)

Symptoms begin within 4 weeks of trauma, last less than 1 month; include intrusive memories, avoidance, negative mood, and heightened arousal.

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

Same symptoms as ASD but last longer than 1 month; often includes flashbacks, nightmares, and emotional numbing.

Common Causes of Stress Disorders

Combat, assault, disasters, abuse.

Biological Factors in Stress Disorders

Overactive amygdala, reduced hippocampal volume, abnormal cortisol/norepinephrine activity.

Cognitive Processing Therapy (CPT)

A treatment method for stress disorders.

Prolonged Exposure (PE)

A treatment method for stress disorders.

EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing)

A treatment method for stress disorders.

SSRI antidepressants

A treatment method for stress disorders.

Group therapy & trauma-focused CBT

A treatment method for stress disorders.

Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)

≥2 weeks of depressed mood or anhedonia + at least 4 other symptoms (sleep/appetite change, guilt, fatigue, poor concentration, suicidal thoughts).

Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia)

Chronic low mood lasting ≥2 years, less severe but more persistent than MDD.

Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder

Severe premenstrual mood swings causing functional impairment.

Bipolar I Disorder

At least one manic episode (elevated mood, inflated self-esteem, decreased need for sleep, risky behaviors).

Bipolar II Disorder

Hypomanic episodes + major depressive episodes; no full manic episodes.

Cyclothymic Disorder

≥2 years of mild hypomanic and depressive symptoms not meeting full criteria for bipolar or MDD.

Biological Factors in Mood Disorders

Low serotonin and norepinephrine in depression; high norepinephrine in mania; irregular ion transport in neurons.

Cognitive Models in Mood Disorders

Learned helplessness (Seligman), negative thinking (Beck's cognitive triad).

Antidepressants

SSRIs, SNRIs, tricyclics, MAOIs.

Mood stabilizers

Lithium, valproate.

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

A treatment method for mood disorders.

Interpersonal Therapy (IPT)

A treatment method for mood disorders.

Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)

For severe cases of mood disorders.

Suicide Warning Signs

Isolation, hopelessness, giving away possessions, talking about death.

Somatic Symptom Disorder

One or more distressing physical symptoms with excessive thoughts, feelings, or behaviors about health.

Illness Anxiety Disorder

Preoccupation with having/getting a serious illness despite mild or no symptoms.

Conversion Disorder

Neurological symptoms (e.g., paralysis, blindness) with no medical cause.

Factitious Disorder (Munchausen Syndrome)

Intentionally producing or feigning symptoms for attention or care.

Dissociative Amnesia

Inability to recall important personal info, usually after trauma.

Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)

Two or more distinct identities; often linked to severe early trauma.