Intro to Population Genetics

These flashcards summarize key concepts from the lecture on population genetics, including definitions and fundamental principles.

Population Genetics

The study of genetic structure, including allele and genotype frequencies within and between populations, and how these frequencies change over time due to evolutionary forces.

Allele Frequencies

The number of each allele for a gene in a population divided by the total number of all alleles for that gene in the population.

Genotype Frequencies

The number of individuals with each genotype in a population divided by the total number of individuals in the population.

Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

A model in which allele frequencies do not change across generations, allowing genotype frequencies to be predicted from allele frequencies.

Conditions for Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

1. No mutation 2. No selection 3. Random mating 4. No gene flow 5. Infinite population size (no genetic drift){

Monomorphic

A population where only one allele is present at a locus, resulting in a frequency of 1.

Polymorphic

A population where more than one allele exists at a locus.

Punnett Square

A diagram used to predict the genotype and allele combinations of offspring from parental allele frequencies.

Evolutionary Forces

Factors that create, maintain, or eliminate genetic variation within populations, affecting allele frequencies.

Genetic Drift

A mechanism of evolution that refers to random changes in allele frequencies, particularly in small populations.

Gene Flow

The transfer of alleles or genes from one population to another, which can influence allele frequencies.

p + q = 1

An equation representing the relationship between the frequencies of two alleles, A and a, in a population.

p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1

An equation used to calculate expected genotype frequencies at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.