biostatistics

Biostatistics

Deals with the collection organization, presentation, analysis and interpretation of data

Applied to the biological sciences

Descriptive and inferential statistics

Two main division of statistics

Descriptive statistics

Organize, summarize, and describe quantitative data ( tables, graphs, charts, average, measure of spread) for example finding bp of 200 patient using their sex frequency percentage

Inferential statistics

Deals making judgment or a conclusion about POPULATION >example testing if a NEW drug lowers cholesterol compared to an EXISTING one

Population

the entire group of individual or items being studied

>example all patient in a hospital

Sample (sampling)

A representative of the population selected for study

Variable

Characteristics that can vary(Saba-sabali)

-example height, weight, bp

Data

Values collected from observation or measurement

Parameter

Describes population example population measurement

example: population measurement

Statistics

Describes a sample

example measures

Qualitative and quantitative

Two types of variable

Qualitative

Non-numeric attributes

Classify or categorize data

Or called categorical variables

Ex: sex, civil status, religion, birthing center or pain management references including epidural, natural methods, medication

Quantitative variable

Measured or counted

Allow for mathematical operation

Called numerical variable

In quantitative data has two continuous(measure) and discrete (counted)

-Testing new medication (to test a new iron supplement for a pregnant woman with anemia

- studying disease spread (or data how many pregnant have dengue)

- improving health care practices (number of cesarean delivers versus normal birth)

Why biostatistics important?

An expert skilled in applying statistical analysis methods

Works across diverse fields to interpret data

Involves mathematical study known as mathematical statistics

Role of statistics?

Vital statistics

Use statistical methods to study important life events like birth marriage death migration and illnesses, it often means a government record of births and deaths within its area

Morbidity statistics

Refers to the state of being disease or unhealthy within a population

Demographically it measure the incidence of ill health in a population

Data collected includes disease type gender age and area

Mortality statistics

Concerned with death and causes of death in a population

Source of vital statistics

1. Civil registration system

Provides legal proof of vital events like birth death marriage divorce

Serves as the primary source of accurate and continuous data for computing birth and death rates such as PSA local civil registry

Source of vital statistics

2.Population census

Provides total population data for calculating vital rates

Helps in health planning resources allocation and demographic analysis

Ra 10625

Conducting psa everything years what ra?

Source of vital statistics

3.Sample registration system

Provides reliable estimates of birth death and infant mortality rates

Helps in validating census and civil registration data

Monitor population trends in areas with incomplete registration

Source of vital statistics

4.Health institution records

Provides data on morbidity causes of death maternal and child health indicators

Supports epidemiological studies disease surveillance and health care planning

Source of vital statistics

5.Administrative records from government agencies

Feel missing data from civil registration

To give information on birth death and health condition for planning programs

Major source of mortality

1. Civil registration

Officially recorded oldest for legal and statistical use

Major source of mortality

2. Hospital records

Collect information about death that happens in hospitals including the cause of death

Major source of mortality

3. Cemetery or burial records

To track death and burial especially in rural areas where some death are not registered officially

Household survey

To gather death information directly from families when official records are missing or incomplete

Major source of mortality

5. Administrative record from government agencies

To provide extra data on death through claims and benefits

Arithmetic method

It is assume that the actual increase in population per year is constant

Geometric method example

It is assume that the rate of increase in population per year as a percent of the previous population is constant

Crude birth rates

Measure how fast people are added to the population through births

General fertility rate

Is more specific rate than the crude birth rate since births are related to the segment of the population deemed to be capable of giving birth

Crude death rate

Gives the speed with which mortality occurs in a given population

Specific mortality rate

Show rates of dying in specific population groups

Age specific death rates

Show the number of deaths per year in a specific age or a group of age per 1,000 person in the group

Cause of death rate or mortality rate

From specific disease or condition gives the rate of dying secondary to specific causes

Infant mortality rate

Is defined as the number of deaths among infants under one year of age in a calendar year for 1,000 live births in the same period

Case fatality rate

Is the proportion of cases which end up fatality

Incidence rates

Incidence rates measure the development of disease in a group exposed to the risk of disease in a period of time

Prevalence rates

Measure the proportion of existing cases of a disease in the population the term “existing” refers to old and new cases of the disease

Mean

It represents the central or typical value around which the data points tend to cluster in simple words it's what we usually call the average

Median

Is simply another name for the 50% it is the score in the middle half of the scores are larger than the median and half of the scores are smaller than the median

Mode

Is the value that appears most frequently in a data set it shows the most common or typical observation especially useful for categorical or repeated data

Range

It is the difference between the largest volume maximum and the smallest value minimum in a data set

Average deviation

Often called mean deviation is the average of the absolute differences between each data point and the mean of the data

Variance

Measure how spread out the data is from the average or mean

Standard deviation

Tells how spread out the numbers are from the average or mean

Nominal

Number or symbol are used to classify

Categories are distinct and non overlapping

Categories are of equal importance example male female

Interval

No true zero point

Do not have a true zero point meaning zero does not indicate the complete absence of the quantity

Ratio

Scales have a true zero point which indicates the complete absence of the quantity being

Ordinal

No symbol are used to classify