2 Cell Structure

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28 Terms

1

what are the 3 major shapes of bacteria?

  • coccus (round)

  • bacillus (rods)

  • spirilla (coils)

<ul><li><p><span>coccus (round)</span></p></li><li><p><span>bacillus (rods)</span></p></li><li><p><span>spirilla (coils)</span></p></li></ul>
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2

Bacteria are classified as gram-________ or gram-________

gram-positive or gram-negative

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3

what is the diff between gram+ & gram- ?

gram+ has a thicker cell wall & stains purple while gram- stains pink.

<p>gram+ has a thicker cell wall &amp; stains purple while gram- stains pink.</p>
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4

Bacterial Cell walls are made of _____________>

peptidoglycan

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5

what is peptiodglycan made up of?

2 glycan chains:

  • N-acetyl glucosamine (NAG)

  • N-acetyl muramic acid (NAM)

<p>2 glycan chains:</p><ul><li><p>N-acetyl glucosamine (NAG)</p></li><li><p>N-acetyl muramic acid (NAM)</p></li></ul>
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6

what gives peptidoglycan a strong & rigid 3D structure?

cross-linking between AAs achieved by the enzyme DD-transpeptidase.

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7

whats an antibiotic?

medicine used to treat or prevent bacterial infection.

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8

___________ are antibiotics that interfere with bacterial cell wall synthesis.

penicillins

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9

how does penicillin interefere with cell wall synthesis?

it binds to transpeptidase enzymes to inhibit cross linking

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10

what are porins & what to they do?

Outer membrane proteins that block the entrace of harmful chemical & antibiotics

<p>Outer membrane proteins that block the entrace of harmful chemical &amp; antibiotics</p>
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11

why is gram- bacteria more diff to treat than gram+?

porins are more abundant in gram- bacteria.

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12

define lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

a polysaccharide attached to a lipid which acts as an endotoxin

<p>a polysaccharide attached to a lipid which acts as an endotoxin </p>
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13

why does LPS act as an endotoxin?

it induces fever & shock in the human host

<p>it induces fever &amp; shock in the human host</p>
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14

define pilus

hair like appendage required for bacterial conjugation (transfer of genetic material)

<p>hair like appendage required for bacterial conjugation (transfer of genetic material)</p>
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15

define capsule

Polysaccharide layer, contains water to prevent the cell from dying out, protects the cell from phagocytosis, helps adhere to surfaces

<p>Polysaccharide layer, contains water to prevent the cell from dying out, protects the cell from phagocytosis, helps adhere to surfaces</p>
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16

define plasmid

circular DNA with genes for bacterial virulence (ability of an organism to infect the host and cause a disease)

<p>circular DNA with genes for bacterial virulence (ability of an organism to infect the host and cause a disease)</p>
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17

define flagellum

hair like appendage that enables movement & chemotaxis

<p>hair like appendage that enables movement &amp; chemotaxis</p>
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18

define cytoplasm

fluid that fills the whole cell, house and maintain an optimal environment for the organlles

<p>fluid that fills the whole cell, house and maintain an optimal environment for the organlles</p>
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19

describe the cell membrane in 3 points

  • double phospholipid layer

  • embedded with proteins & other lipidss

  • plasma membrane controls passage of materials in & out of the cell

<ul><li><p>double phospholipid layer</p></li><li><p>embedded with proteins &amp; other lipidss</p></li><li><p>plasma membrane controls passage of materials in &amp; out of the cell</p></li></ul>
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20

describe the nucleus in 3 points

  • largest organelle in the cell

  • DNA in nucleolus attached to histones to form chromat in

  • ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is made in the nucleolus

<ul><li><p>largest organelle in the cell</p></li><li><p>DNA in nucleolus attached to histones to form chromat in</p></li><li><p>ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is made in the nucleolus</p></li></ul>
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21

describe the mitochondria in 3 points

  • double membrane: outer membrane + folded inner membrane

  • matrix contains enzyme & some DNA

  • they produce ATP

<ul><li><p>double membrane: outer membrane + folded inner membrane</p></li><li><p>matrix contains enzyme &amp; some DNA</p></li><li><p>they produce ATP</p></li></ul>
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22

what are the folds in the inner membrane of mitochondria called?

cristae

<p>cristae</p>
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23

define lysosome

vesicle containing enzymes that break down proteins, lipids & nucleic acids

<p>vesicle containing enzymes that break down proteins, lipids &amp; nucleic acids</p>
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24

define peroxisome

vesicles that produce & decompose hydrogen peroxide

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25

define centriole

A structure made of microtubules found in pairs near the nucleus

<p>A structure made of microtubules found in pairs near the nucleus</p>
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26

define centrosome

2 centrioles oriented at right angles to each other

<p>2 centrioles oriented at right angles to each other</p>
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27

define golgi apparatus

A series of flattened sacs that receive vesicles from the endoplasmic reticulum, modify, sort and package their contents and secrete it to other organelles.

<p>A series of flattened sacs that receive vesicles from the endoplasmic reticulum, modify, sort and package their contents and secrete it to other organelles.</p>
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28

define plasma membrane

a phospholipid bilayer that acts as a semi-permeable barrier in which proteins are embedded and act as receptors, pumps & channels.

<p>a phospholipid bilayer that acts as a semi-permeable barrier in which proteins are embedded and act as receptors, pumps &amp; channels.</p>
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