Bio 02 test

What defines a saturated fat?

A saturated fat has a maximum number of hydrogen atoms and is solid at room temperature.

Give an example of a saturated fat.

Stearic acid is an example of a saturated fat.

What behavior is characteristic of saturated fats at low temperatures?

Saturated fats remain solid at low temperatures.

What defines an unsaturated fat?

An unsaturated fat has one or more double bonds and is usually liquid at room temperature.

Provide an example of an unsaturated fat.

Oleic acid is an example of an unsaturated fat.

What structural feature causes bending in unsaturated fats?

The cis-double bond causes bending.

What is hydrogenation in the context of fats?

Hydrogenation is the process of converting unsaturated fats to saturated fats by adding hydrogen.

What is the primary function of fats in the body?

The primary function of fats is energy storage.

What are the four levels of protein structure?

The four levels of protein structure are primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary.

What defines the primary structure of a protein?

The primary structure is the unique sequence of amino acids in a protein.

What type of bonding maintains the secondary structure of proteins?

Hydrogen bonds between repeating constituents of the polypeptide backbone maintain the secondary structure.

Explain what occurs in tertiary protein structure.

The tertiary structure is determined by interactions among various side chains or R groups, including hydrogen bonds and disulfide bridges.

How is quaternary structure defined?

Quaternary structure occurs when two or more polypeptide chains form one macromolecule.

Provide an example of a protein with quaternary structure.

Hemoglobin, which consists of two alpha chains and two beta chains, is an example of a protein with quaternary structure.

What are the functions of enzymatic proteins?

Enzymatic proteins selectively accelerate chemical reactions.

How are disaccharides formed?

Disaccharides are formed when a dehydration reaction joins two monosaccharides, known as glycosidic linkages.

What are polysaccharides and their roles?

Polysaccharides are polymers of sugar that have storage and structural roles.

What is a triacylglycerol?

A triacylglycerol consists of three fatty acids joined to glycerol by ester linkages.

What is the general characteristic of lipids?

Lipids do not form polymers and are hydrophobic due to their hydrocarbon composition.

What are some examples of proteins?

Examples of proteins include enzymatic proteins, structural proteins, storage proteins, transport proteins, hormonal proteins, receptor proteins, contractile proteins, and defense proteins.

What distinguishes prokaryotic cells from eukaryotic cells?

Prokaryotic cells lack internal membranes and organelles, while eukaryotic cells have internal membranes that divide the cell into organelles.

Define osmosis in biological terms.

Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.

What is the difference between hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic solutions?

Hypertonic solutions cause cells to lose water, hypotonic solutions cause cells to gain water, and isotonic solutions have no net water movement.

Describe the fluid mosaic model of cell membranes.

The fluid mosaic model describes membranes as fluid structures with a mosaic of various proteins embedded in them.

What is the role of aquaporins in the cell membrane?

Aquaporins facilitate the passage of water through the cell membrane.

What does the sodium-potassium pump do?

The sodium-potassium pump moves sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell against their concentration gradients, which requires energy.

What is denaturation in proteins?

Denaturation is the loss of a protein's native structure.

How are nucleotides structured?

Nucleotides consist of a five-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.

What are the basic components of DNA?

DNA is a nucleic acid that consists of a sugar-phosphate backbone and nitrogenous bases A, T, C, and G.

What is the central dogma of molecular biology?

The central dogma describes the flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein.