Chapter 4 note First Nations Collective Rights

What are collective rights in Canada?

Rights guaranteed to specific groups in Canadian society for historical reasons, recognized and protected by Canada’s Constitution.

Who holds collective rights in Canada?

Aboriginal peoples, including First Nations and Métis, as well as Anglophones and Francophones.

What was the Royal Proclamation of 1763?

An agreement that recognized First Nations' rights to land and established that land negotiations must be made through treaties.

What were the Numbered Treaties?

Historic agreements signed between 1871 and 1921 that affected the rights and identity of First Nations in Canada.

What did the Canadian Government intend with the Numbered Treaties?

To acquire land for settlers and development while providing some rights and benefits to First Nations.

What is the Indian Act?

Legislation first passed in 1876 aimed at assimilating First Nations by controlling their affairs, despite their existing governance.

What is the Sixties Scoop?

The mass removal of Aboriginal children from their families into the child welfare system during the 1960s.

What is Jordan's Principle?

A policy introduced in 2016 to ensure First Nations children have access to necessary services, named in memory of Jordan River Anderson.

Why did First Nations agree to the Numbered Treaties?

To secure their future amidst economic and social upheaval caused by European settlement and environmental changes.

How did the Canadian Government view land ownership after the Numbered Treaties?

They believed the treaties meant they owned the land, whereas First Nations saw it as sharing land without ownership.

What challenges did First Nations face with the Indian Act?

It restricted their rights, including freedom of movement and cultural practices, and imposed governance without their consent.

What was the impact of residential schools?

They aimed to assimilate Aboriginal children, leading to trauma and loss of cultural identity.

What issues persisted after the introduction of Jordan's Principle?

Insufficient funding, lack of consultation with First Nations leaders, and challenges in addressing unique needs.