Chapter 9: Schizophrenia

alogia

significant reduction int he amount of speech

anhedonia

lack of pleasure

anticipatory pleasure

the amount of expected or anticipated pleasure from future events or activities (ie. amount of pleasure from graduating college)

antipsychotic drugs

drugs used to calm the symptoms of schizophrenia

asociality

severe impairments to social relationships, they may have few friends, poor social skills and very little interest in being with other people. may wish to spend much of their time alone

avolition

diminished motivation and a seeming absence of interest or persistence in what are usually routine activities (work, school, hobbies, social activities)

blunted affect 

lack of outward expression of emotion - people with schizophrenia are much less facially expressive than those without

brief psychotic disorder

same symptoms of schizophrenia but last from 1 day to one month and is often brought on by extreme stress, such as bereavement

catatonia

a type of disorganized behavior in which people may gesture repeatedly using peculiar and sometimes complex sequences of finger, hand, and arm movements, which seem purposeful

clinical high-risk study

identifies people with early attenuated signs of schizophrenia, most often milder forms of hallucinations, delusions or disorganization that cause impairment

consummatory pleasure

the amount of pleasure experienced in the moment or in the presence of something pleasurable (ie. eating a good meal)

dopamine theory

theory that schizophrenia is related to excess activity of the neurotransmitter dopamine this theory is too simple but is related to positive and disorganized symptoms)

delusional disorder

someone troubled by persistent delusions

delusions

odd beliefs/ beliefs contrary to reality and firmly held despite dis-confirming evidence. thought insertion

disorganized behavior

people seem to lose the ability to organize their behavior and make it conform to community standards, which makes it difficult to perform the tasks of everyday living

disorganized speech

also known as formal thought disorder it refers to problems in organizing ideas and in speaking so a listener can understand

disorganized symptoms

disorganized behavior, disorganized speech

Expressed emotion 

critical comments, hostility and emotional over-involvement from ones family.

familial high-risk study

this study begins with one or two biological parents with schizophrenia and follows their children longitudinally to identify how many of them develop schizophrenia

hallucinations

sensory experiences in the absence of any relevant stimulation from the environment - often more auditory than visual (ie. hearing voices)

loose associations (derailment)

the person may be more successful in communicating with a listener but has difficulty sticking to one topic

negative symptoms

deficits in motivation, pleasure, social closeness, and emotional expression avolition, alogia, anhedonia, blunted affect, asociality

positive symptoms

excesses and distortions and include delusions and hallucinations. These are also called psychotic symptoms

schizoaffective disorder

comprises a mixture of symptoms of schizophrenia and mood disorders. DSM-5 requires a depressive or manic episode rather than simply mood disorder symptom

schizophrenia

a disorder characterized by disordered thinking in which ideas are not logically related; faulty perception and attention; a lack of emotional expressiveness and disturbances in behavior such as disheveled appearance

schizophreniform disorder

the same symptoms of schizophrenia but last only 1-6 months

second-generation antipsychotic drugs

drugs that came after the first - generation anti-psychotic drugs thought to be more effective however they weren’t and produced just as many unpleasant side effects - most common side effect is weight gain

social skills training

a type of behavioral therapy that teaches individuals communication and interpersonal skills to navigate social situations more effectively

thought insertion

a person may believe that thoughts that are not his or her own have been placed in his mind by an external source

thought broadcasting

a person may believe that his or her thoughts are broadcast or transmitted so others know what he is thinking

Delusion of reference:

a person may incorporate unimportant events within a delusional framework and read personal significance into the trivial activities of others

Schizophrenia is primarily characterized by disturbances in
A. Memory, intellect, and coordination
B. Emotion, thought, and behavior
C. Mood, energy, and personality
D. Perception, sensation, and movement

B. Emotion, thought, and behavior

Which type of delusion involves an exaggerated sense of self-importance or power?
A. Delusions of control
B. Grandiose delusions
C. Ideas of reference
D. Thought withdrawal

B. Grandiose delusions

After an acute psychotic episode, which symptom is most likely to persist?
A. Auditory hallucinations
B. Thought broadcasting
C. Avolition (lack of motivation)
D. Delusions of persecution

C. Avolition (lack of motivation)

Who first coined the term schizophrenia to describe “splitting of the mind”?
A. Emil Kraepelin
B. Sigmund Freud
C. Eugen Bleuler
D. Leo Kanner

C. Eugen Bleuler

Which of the following best distinguishes positive from negative symptoms in schizophrenia?
A. Positive symptoms are more dangerous than negative symptoms
B. Positive symptoms involve excesses (like hallucinations), while negative symptoms involve deficits (like apathy)
C. Negative symptoms appear only in late stages of illness
D. Positive symptoms are not treatable with medication

B. Positive symptoms involve excesses (like hallucinations), while negative symptoms involve deficits (like apathy)

The offspring of a biological parent with schizophrenia are approximately how many times more likely to develop a major psychological disorder?
A. 2×
B. 5×
C. 10×
D. 20×

C. 10×

Brain imaging studies show that people with schizophrenia typically have:
A. Increased gray matter in the frontal cortex
B. Normal brain structure but reduced serotonin activity
C. Enlarged amygdala and hippocampus
D. Reduced gray matter in the temporal and frontal regions

D. Reduced gray matter in the temporal and frontal regions

What best describes the relationship between expressed emotion (EE) and schizophrenia symptoms?
A. Family criticism causes relapse but not new symptoms
B. Expressed emotion only affects negative symptoms
C. Expressed emotion and unusual thoughts influence each other in both directions
D. The relationship has not been supported in modern research

C. Expressed emotion and unusual thoughts influence each other in both directions

Which serious side effect is associated with clozapine and olanzapine?
A. High blood pressure
B. Type 2 diabetes and metabolic changes
C. Bone marrow overproduction
D. Liver failure

B. Type 2 diabetes and metabolic changes

In the U.S. today, residential treatment for schizophrenia is:
A. Widely available and well-funded
B. Difficult to access for many patients who need it
C. No longer used in mental health systems
D. Reserved only for first-episode psychosis cases

B. Difficult to access for many patients who need it

Which combination of treatments offers the best outcomes for schizophrenia?
A. Medication only
B. Psychotherapy only
C. Antipsychotic medication plus psychosocial interventions
D. Hospitalization and psychoanalysis

C. Antipsychotic medication plus psychosocial interventions

Which of the following is a positive symptom of schizophrenia?

A. Flat affect
B. Avolition
C. Hallucinations
D. Alogia

C. Hallucinations

Which symptom below best represents a negative symptom of schizophrenia?

A. Disorganized speech
B. Delusions of persecution
C. Social withdrawal and lack of motivation
D. Auditory hallucinations

C. Social withdrawal and lack of motivation

Disorganized symptoms of schizophrenia typically involve:

A. Excess dopamine in the mesolimbic pathway
B. Speech and behavior that are incoherent or unpredictable
C. Severe depression following psychotic episodes
D. Physical agitation only

B. Speech and behavior that are incoherent or unpredictable

Twin studies show that if one monozygotic twin has schizophrenia, the other has about a ___ chance of developing it.

A. 10%
B. 25%
C. 50%
D. 75%

C. 50%

Genetic findings suggest that schizophrenia risk involves:

A. Many genes each contributing small effects
B. A single gene mutation on chromosome 13
C. Only maternal inheritance
D. Direct inheritance of the dopamine D2 receptor gene

B. A single gene mutation on chromosome 13

Which statement best describes the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia?

A. Too little dopamine activity in all brain regions causes hallucinations.
B. Dopamine levels fluctuate only during manic episodes.
C. Dopamine has no role in schizophrenia.
D. Overactivity of dopamine in certain pathways contributes to positive symptoms.

D. Overactivity of dopamine in certain pathways contributes to positive symptoms.

According to research, high “expressed emotion” in families (criticism, hostility, overinvolvement):

A. Decreases relapse rates in schizophrenia.
B. Has no relationship to symptom severity.
C. Increases the risk of relapse after treatment.
D. Causes schizophrenia directly.

C. Increases the risk of relapse after treatment.

Which type of medication is most effective for treating positive symptoms of schizophrenia?

A. SSRIs
B. Benzodiazepines
C. Antipsychotics (dopamine antagonists)
D. Mood stabilizers

C. Antipsychotics (dopamine antagonists)

Psychological interventions for schizophrenia, such as CBT and social skills training, primarily aim to:

A. Improve coping, medication adherence, and daily functioning
B. Replace medication therapy entirely
C. Eliminate all hallucinations permanently
D. Increase dopamine levels

A. Improve coping, medication adherence, and daily functioning

delusion of control

a person may believe that an external force controls his or her feelings or behaviors

Grandiose delusion

a person may have an exaggerated sense of his or her own importance, power, knowledge, or identity

Persecutory delusion

a person may believe that others are going out of their way to harm, harass, discredit, or conspire against them

motivation and pleasure domain (negative symptoms)

involves motivation, emotional experience and sociality

expression domain (negative symptom)

outward expression of emotion and vocalization