Psychology chapter 5

Nonassociative learning

The simplest form of learning, occurring after repeated exposure to a single stimulus without requiring association.

Associative learning

Linking two events or stimuli that occur close in time, such as through classical or operant conditioning.

Classical conditioning

A type of associative learning where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response.

Operant conditioning

Learning of voluntary behavior through the effects of pleasant and unpleasant consequences.

Unconditioned Stimulus (US)

A stimulus that elicits a response without prior learning.

Conditioned Response (CR)

A learned response to a previously neutral stimulus that has become conditioned.

Positive reinforcement

The addition of a pleasant stimulus following a behavior, increasing the likelihood of that behavior occurring again.

Negative reinforcement

The removal of an aversive stimulus following a behavior, increasing the likelihood of that behavior recurring.

Positive punishment

The addition of an unpleasant stimulus to decrease the likelihood of a behavior occurring again.

Negative punishment

The removal of a pleasant stimulus to decrease the likelihood of a behavior occurring again.

Continuous reinforcement

A reinforcement schedule where a behavior is reinforced every time it occurs.

Partial reinforcement

A reinforcement schedule where a behavior is reinforced intermittently.

Fixed Ratio (FR)

A reinforcement schedule that provides reinforcement after a specified number of responses.

Variable Ratio (VR)

A reinforcement schedule that provides reinforcement after an unpredictable number of responses.

Vicarious Learning

Learning about consequences by observing others experience that consequence for performing an action.

Modeling

Imitation of observed behavior, more likely to occur when models are seen positively, have high status, or are similar to the observer.