JPT HOA 1 Greek architecture

8th Century B.C. to 2nd Century

Greek Architecture

The rugged nature of the greek peninsula & its widespread islands, made communication difficult. It was bounded on two sides by Black Sea and the Mediterranean Sea, Athens as its center kingdom contains the upper city known as Citadel

Geographical influence

Marble - chief building material, they also had ample amount of building stones

Geological influence

Climate was intermediate between "Cold & hot" which favored an outdoor life, dramatic presentations, most of public ceremonies took place in an open air, even in religious rites, due to limited public buildings other than temples.

Climactic influence

Aegeans

Worship "nature", priestesses rather than priests conducted the religious rites

Greeks

Represents their deities by large statues. They worship natural phenomena

1. Aphrodite - Venus

2. Apollo - Apollo

3. Ares - Mars

4. Artemis - Diana

5. Athena - Minerva

6. Demeter - Ceres

7. Dionysus - Bacchus

8. Hephaestus - Vulcan

9. Hera - Juno

10. Heracles - Hercules

11. Hermes - Mercury

12. Hestia - Vesta

13. Nike - Victoria

14. Pan - Pan

15. Poseidon - Neptune

16. Zeus - Jupiter

Greek Deities - Roman Deities

Aphrodite/Venus

Greek/Roman god/goddess of commerce, love and beauty

Apollo/Apollo

Greek/Roman god/goddess of law and reason, art, music and poetry

Ares/Mars

Greek/Roman god/goddess of war

Artemis/Diana

Greek/Roman god/goddess of chastity

Athena/Minerva

Greek/Roman god/goddess of leaning and wisdom

Demeter/Ceres

Greek/Roman god/goddess of earth and agriculture

Dionysus/Bacchus

Greek/Roman god/goddess of wine and feasting

Hephaestus/Vulcan

Greek/Roman god/goddess of fire, flame and forgery

Hera/Juno

Greek/Roman god/goddess of marriage; wife of zeus

Heracles/Hercules

Greek/Roman god/goddess; son of zeus; mythical half god & man

Hermes/Mercury

Greek/Roman god/goddess; messenger of the gods

Hestia/Vesta

Greek/Roman god/goddess of hearth and home

Nike/Victoria

Greek/Roman god/goddess of victory

Pan/Pan

Greek/Roman god/goddess of flock

Poseidon/Neptune

Greek/Roman god/goddess of the sea

Zeus/Jupiter

Greek/Roman god/goddess; supreme god, ruler of the sky, chief god

Chief diversion were music, dancing, wrestling, boxing, gymnastic, and bull-fighting often w/ religious connection. Women took part in hunting and more strenuous games, as well as in craftwork. Tyrannic, aristrocratic, & democratic were the forms of government. Pericles - one of the leaders in Athens

Social and political influence

1. Early Period

2. Hellenic Period

Periods of development

Early period

(3000 B.C. to 700 B.C.) period of development wherein Aegeans, Minoans, and Myceneans were the only people in Greece.

Hellenic period

period of development; essentially columnar & trabeated in Acropolis which was crowned by Parthenon. By the 16th century, Parthenon was converted into a christian church

1. Low pitch or flat roof on multi-storey structure

2. Stairway was developed for vertical circulation

3. Houses termed as Megaron & palaces were principal building types

Characteristic feature of Aegean architecture or early period

1. Enclosed porch

2. Living apartment or megaron proper

3. Thalamus or sleeping room

Megaron areas

1. Cyclopean

2. Polygonal

3. Rectangular

4. Inclined blocks

4 methods of walling surface finishes

Cyclopean

A masonry made-up of huge stone blocks laid on mortar

Polygonal

A masonry which is constructed with stones having polygonal faces

Rectangular

Block of stone cut into rectangular shapes

Inclined blocks

Stones with inclined blocks

1. Simplicity and harmony

2. Purity of lines

3. Perfection of proportions

4. Refinement of details

Characteristics of greek architecture

temples which were built towards the rising sun (east)

Chief building type of hellenic period

1. rectangular plan

2. propylaea gateways

3. Collonade surrounds the temple

4. Ceiling were omitted & treated with timber panelled coffers lacunaria

5. Stone walls

6. Marble sculptures

7. Murals

8. Entasis, optical illusion correctoin

Characteristic features of temples

1. Gate of lions, Mycenae

2. Palaces

3. Tombs

Examples of architectural structures (aegean architecture or early period)

Gate of lions, Mycenae

Most ancient stone sculpture in europe

1. Palace of King Minos, Knossos

2. The Palace, Tyrins

3. The Palace, Mycenae

Examples of palaces of the aegean or early period

1. Tholos

2. Rock-cut or chamber tomb

2 types of aegean tomb

Tholos

A stone vaulted construction shaped like an old fashion beehive. It consists of a long passage known as Dromos leading to the domed chamber

Rock-cut or chamber tomb

rectangular chamber, cut within the slope. Hill side approach by Dromos

1. Tremenos

2. Civic square

3. Temples

4. Propylaea

5. Theater

6. Public building

Examples of architectural structures (Greek architecture or hellenic period)

Tremenos

- or sacred enclosure, also known as citadel or acropolis or upper city

1. Principal temple

2. Pinacotheca (picture gallery)

3. Glypthotheca (sculpture gallery)

4. Statue of Athena

5. The Erectheion

6. Old Temple of Athena

7. The Parthenon

8. Theater of Dionysos

9. Stoa of Eumenes

10. Odeion of Herodes Atticus

11. Temple of Nike Apteros

Important structures found in acropolis

Civic square

City square or market place, the greeks's political, business and economic life

Agora

Greek civic square

Piazza

Italian civic square

Market

English civic square

Forum

Roman civic square

Place

French civic square

1. Civic square at Miletus

2. Civic square at Ephesus

3. Civic square at Priene

Examples of civic square (agora)

Temples

Were the chief building. Usually the plan is rectangular in shape.

1. Naos

2. Pronaos

3. Epinaos or Opisthdomus

Parts of a greek temple

Naos

Part of a Greek temple; principal chamber containing the statue of the god or goddess with porticoes & colonnades

Pronaos

Part of a Greek temple; the inner portico in front of the naos, or cella of the naos

Epinaos or Opisthodomus

Part of a Greek temple; posticum which serves as the treasury chamber.

1. According to the number of columns on the entrance front

2. By the arrangement of the exterior columns of the temple in relation to naos

2 ways of describing temples (rectangular)

columniation

The use or arrangement of columns in a structure

1. Henostyle - 1 column

2. Distyle - 2 columns

3. Tristyle - 3 columns

4. Tetrastyle - 4 columns

5. Pentastyle - 5 columns

6. Hexastyle - 6 columns

7. Heptastyle - 7 columns

8. Octastyle - 8 columns

9. Enneastyle - 9 columns

10. Decastyle - 10 columns

11. Dodecastyle - 12 columns

Type of temple by the arrangement of the exterior columns of the temple in relation to naos (columniation)

1. cymatium

2. corona

3. bed molding

4. cornice

5. frieze

6. architrave

7. capital

8. shaft

9. base

10. cornice or cap

11. dado

12. base moulding

13. plinth

14. entablature

15. column

16. pedestal

Identify

cymatium

(1) The crowning member of a classical cornice, usually a cyma recta.

corona

(2) The projecting, slablike member of a classical cornice, supported by the bed molding and crowned by the cymatium.

bed molding

(3) The molding or group of moldings immediately beneath the corona of a cornice.

cornice

(4) The uppermost member of a classical entablature, consisting typiclly of a cymatium, corona, and bed molding

frieze

(5) The horizontal part of a classical entablature between the cornice and architrave, often decorated with sculpture in low relief.

architrave

(6) The lowermost division of a classical entablature, resting directly on the column capitals and supporting the frieze.

capital

(7) The distinctively treated upper end of a column, pillar, or pier, crowning the shaft and taking the weight of the entablature or architrave.

shaft

(8) The central part of a column or pier between the capital and the base.

base

(9) The lowermost portion of a wall, column, pier, or other structure, usually distinctively treated and considered as an architectural unit.

dado

(11) The part of a pedestal between the base and the cornice or cap. Also called die.

plinth

(13) The usually square slab beneath the base of a column, pier, or pedestal.

entablature

(14) The horizontal section of a classical order that rests on the columns, usually composed of a cornice, frieze, and architrave.

column

(15) A cylindrical support in classical architecture, consisting of a capital, shaft, and usually a base, either monolithic or built up of drums the full diameter of the shaft.

pedestal

(16) A construction upon which a column, statue, memorial shaft, or the like, is elevated, usually consisting of a base, a dado, and a cornice or cap.

intercolumniation

The space between two adjacent columns, usually the clear space between the lower parts of the shafts, measured in column diameters. Also, a system for spacing columns in a colonnade based on this measurement.

pycnostyle

Having an intercolumniation of 1½ diameters

systyle

Having an intercolumniation of 2 diameters

eustyle

Having an intercolumniation of 2¼ diameters

diastyle

Having an intercolumniation of 3 diameters

araeostyle

Having an intercolumniation of 4 diameters. Also areostyle

Doric order

The oldest and simplest of the five classical orders, developed in Greece in the 7th century BCE and later imitated by the Romans, characterized by a fluted column having no base, a plain cushion-shaped capital supporting a square abacus, and an entablature consisting of a plain architrave, a frieze of triglyphs and metopes, and a cornice, the corona of which has mutules on its soffit. In the Roman Doric order, the columns are more slender and usually have bases, the channeling is sometimes altered or omitted, and the capital consists of a bandlike necking, an echinus, and a molded abacus.

1. triglyph

2. metope

3. taenia

4. regula

5. abacus

6. echinus

7. necking

8. annulet

9. fluting

10. soffit

11. gutta

12. mutule

13. zophorus

Identify (Doric order)

triglyph

(1) One of the vertical blocks separating the metopes in a Doric frieze, typically having two vertical grooves or glyphs on its face, and two chamfers or hemiglyphs at the sides

metope

(2) Any of the panels, either plain or decorated, between triglyphs in the Doric frieze. Also called intertriglyph.

taenia

(3) A raised band or fillet separating the frieze from the architrave on a Doric entablature. Also, tenia.

regula

(4) A fillet beneath the taenia in a Doric entablature, corresponding to a triglyph above and from which guttae are suspended. Also called guttae band.

abacus

(5) The flat slab forming the top of a column capital plain in the Doric style, but molded or otherwise enriched in other styles

echinus

(6) The prominent circular molding supporting the abacus of a Doric or Tuscan capital.

necking

(7) The upper part of a column, just above the shaft and below the projecting part of the capital, when differentiated by a molding, groove, or the omission of fluting.

annulet

(8) An encircling band, molding, or fillet, on a capital or shaft of a column.

fluting

(9) A decorative motif consisting of a series of long, rounded, parallel grooves, as on the shaft of a classical column.

soffit

(10) The underside of an architectural element, as that of an arch, beam, cornice, or staircase

gutta

(11) One of a series of small, droplike ornaments, attached to the undersides of the mutules and regulae of a Doric entablature. Also called drop.

mutule

(12) A projecting flat block under the corona of a Doric cornice, corresponding to the modillion of other orders

zophorus

(13) A frieze bearing carved figures of people or animals. Also, zoophorus.

Ionic order

A classical order that developed in the Greek colonies of Asia Minor in the 6th century BCE, characterized esp. by the spiral volutes of its capital. The fluted columns typically had molded bases and supported an entablature consisting of an architrave of three fascias, a richly ornamented frieze, and a cornice corbeled out on egg-and-dart and dentil moldings. Roman and Renaissance examples are often more elaborate, and usually set the volutes of the capitals 45º to the architrave

1. egg and dart

2. dentil

3. fascia

4. scotia

5. torus

6. volute

7. cathetus

8. echinus

9. fillet

10. apohyge

Identify (Ionic order)

egg and dart

(1) An ornamental motif for enriching an ovolo or echinus, consisting of a closely set, alternating series of oval and pointed forms. Also called egg and tongue.