Control and Coordination Flashcards

Flashcards generated from the provided lecture notes on Control and Coordination, focusing on key concepts, definitions, and processes related to body systems, sense organs, nervous system, and endocrine system.

What is response time?

The time it takes to respond to a detected event (a stimulus).

What is a sense organ?

Specialized structure that detects stimuli in your environment.

What are receptors?

Chemical structures that receive and convert signals in the body.

Name five human sense organs.

Eye, ear, skin, tongue, nose.

What stimulus does the eye detect?

Light.

What stimulus does the ear detect?

Sound.

What stimuli does the skin detect?

Heat, cold, pressure, movement.

What stimuli does the tongue detect?

Chemical Substances: Sweet, salty, bitter, and sour.

What stimuli does the nose detect?

Chemical of odors.

What receptors are located in the eye?

Rods and cones in the retina.

What receptors are located in the ear?

Hairs in the cochlea.

What receptors are located in the skin?

Separate receptors for each type of stimulus.

What receptors are located in the tongue?

Tastebuds.

What receptors are located in the nose?

Olfactory nerves

What are thermoreceptors?

Sensitive to temperature; located in skin, brain, and body core.

What are mechanoreceptors?

Sensitive to touch, pressure, and motion; located in skin, inner ear, and skeletal muscles.

What are chemoreceptors?

Sensitive to particular chemicals; located in nose and tastebuds.

What are photoreceptors?

Sensitive to light; located in the eye.

What are pain receptors?

Sends nerve signals to the brain and spinal cord when cells are damaged; located throughout the body (except the brain).

What is the iris?

The colored part of the eye.

What is the pupil?

The dark spot (hole) in the center of the eye.

What is the function of the cornea?

Bends light towards the pupil.

What is the function of the lens?

Bends or focuses light onto the retina.

What is the function of the retina?

Detects light intensity (rod cells) and responds to color (cone cells).

What is the optic nerve?

Sends signals to the brain from the sight receptors in the retina

What is the ear canal?

The tube that leads from the outside of the ear to the eardrum.

What is the eardrum?

A thin piece of stretched skin inside the ear that vibrates when sound waves reach it.

What are the ossicles?

A set of three tiny bones that send vibrations from the eardrum to the inner ear.

What is the middle ear?

The section of the ear between your eardrum and the inner ear, containing the ossicles.

What is the cochlea?

The snail-shaped part of the inner ear in which receptors are stimulated.

What is the auditory nerve?

A large nerve that sends signals to the brain from the hearing receptors in the cochlea.

What are tastebuds?

Nerve endings located in the tongue allowing you to experience taste.

What is papilla?

Bumps on your tongue that are thought to contain tastebuds.

What is homeostasis?

Maintenance of a constant internal environment.

What are neurotransmitters?

Signaling molecules released from the axon terminals into the synapse between nerve cells (neurons)

What is a hormone?

A signaling molecule that is produced in specialized cells and travels in blood to act on target cells to cause a specific response.

What are effectors?

Organs that respond to a stimulus to initiate a response

What is stimulus-response model?

A system in which a change (stimulus) is detected by receptors leading to a response, which acts to alter and return the variance to normal.

What is negative feedback?

A homeostatic mechanism that returns a stimulus back within its normal range.

What is the nervous system?

Body system in which messages are sent as electrical impulses and chemical signals.

What is the endocrine system?

Body system composed of different glands that secrete signaling molecules that travel in the blood for internal communication and regulation and to maintain homeostasis.

What does the central nervous system consist of?

Brain and spinal cord.

What does the peripheral nervous system consist of?

Nerves that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body.

What is the function of sensory neurons?

Take messages to the central nervous system.

What is the function of motor neurons?

Take messages away from the central nervous system.

What is the hindbrain?

Continuation of the spinal cord.

What is the reticular formation?

Network of neurons that controls the amount of information that flows into and out of the brain.

What is the forebrain?

Consists of the cerebrum, cerebral cortex, thalamus and hypothalamus.

What is the thalamus?

Part of the brain through which all sensory information from the outside (except smell) passes before going to other parts of the brain for further processing.

What is the hippocampus?

Part of the brain with a key role in consolidating learning, comparing new information with previous experience, and converting information from working memory to long-term storage.

What is the brain stem?

The part of the brain connected to the spinal cord, responsible for breathing, heartbeat and digestion

What is the cerebrum?

Largest part of the brain responsible for higher order thinking, controlling speech, conscious thought and voluntary actions.

What is the cerebellum?

Part of the brain that controls balance and muscle action.

What are the cerebral hemispheres?

The left and right halves of the brain.

What is the corpus callosum?

A bridge of nerve fibers through which the two cerebral hemispheres communicate.

What is the somatic nervous system?

Part of the PNS that controls voluntary movement, such as walking.

What is the autonomic nervous system?

Part of the PNS that controls involuntary movement, such as breathing or heartbeat.

What is a neuron?

Another name for nerve cell, a specialized cell for transmitting a nerve impulse.

What is a nerve?

A bundle of neurons

What is a synapse?

The gap between adjoining neurons where neurotransmitters travel.

What is a reflex arc?

A quick response to a stimulus that does not involve the brain.

What are endocrine glands?

Organs that produce hormones, which are released into the bloodstream.

What are target cells?

Cells that contain receptors on their surface which are complementary to a specific hormone.

What are adrenal glands?

A pair of glands situated near the kidneys that release adrenaline and other stress hormones.

What is adrenaline?

A hormone secreted in response to stressful stimuli, which readies your body for the fight-or-flight response.

What is thermoregulation?

The control of body temperature.

What is the thyroid gland?

A small gland in the neck that helps regulate metabolism and growth.

What is glucagon?

A hormone, produced by the pancreas, which increases blood glucose levels.

What is luteinizing hormone (LH)?

Hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland that initiates ovulation.

What is testosterone?

Male sex hormone.

What is follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)?

Regulates the development, growth and reproductive processes of the body.

What is oestrogen?

Secreted from the ovaries and the placenta with a variety of effects such as inducing puberty changes and thickening of the uterus lining.

What is the uterus?

The organ in which a baby grows and develops

What is ovum?

Female sex cells produced in the ovaries.

What is ovulation?

The release of an ovum.

What is corpus luteum?

Endocrine structure that is involved in the production of progesterone.

What is progesterone?

Hormone produced in the ovaries that inhibits ovulation and prepares the lining of the uterus for pregnancy.

What is menstruation?

Monthly discharge of blood and other materials from the uterus lining through the vagina (also known as period).

What is hyperglycaemia?

Blood glucose levels above the normal range.

What is hypoglycaemia?

Blood glucose levels below the normal range.

What is paralysis?

Loss of the ability to move.

What is motor neuron disease?

Medical condition that progressively destroys motor neurons, resulting in progressive paralysis but leaving the brain and sense organs unaffected.