APUSH Unit 1 Test

3 main native American empires

Aztecs, Mayas, Incas

Where were the Aztecs located?

central America (Mexico)

Where were the Mayan located?

Yucatan peninsula

Where were the Incans located?

Andes Mountains

What caused the success of the 3 main empires and the settlement of other tribes?

agriculture through the 3 sisters: corn, beans, squash

What are the main nomadic tribes inhabiting the great plains?

Comanche and Sioux

Which animal introduced altered the nomadic Indians lifestyle?

horses

What is the main native tribe in the southwest?

pueblo

What are the main native tribes in the eastern woodlands?

Iroquois, Algonquian

How did the tribes in the eastern woodlands live?

mixed agricultural and hunter-gatherer lifestyle, development of permanent villages

Iroquois Confederacy

5 nations banded together after cycle of wars, League of Peace

How did the tribes in the Pacific NW live?

heavy use of fishing, hunter-gatherers, settled communities along coast

What is the main tribe in the Mississippi Valley?

Cahokia

What are Cahokia known for?

moundbuilding, chieftains, corn

What are the reasons for European exploration?

population increase, political unification, desire for Asian luxury goods, evangelism, new tech

Why did people move to the Americas?

escape from feudalism, religious freedom, wealth, status

How did the crusades effect trade?

connected Europe to Asia and familiarized Europeans with foreign goods

Who dominated the trade networks to Asia?

Italy and Arabs (through Mediterean)

Who starts the age of exploration?

Portugal

Prince Henry the Navigator

Portugese sailor who uses Atlantic Ocean to sail around Africa to get to Asia

Why did Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand finance Columbus?

saw trade and commerce as a key to prosperity

What major historical event united Spain?

Reconquista

Christopher Columbus

ambitious mariner from Genoa who thinks he can reach Asia by sailing West

When does Columbus set sail?

1492

Where does Columbus land?

West Indies

What does Columbus’ discovery do?

unleash wave of new explorers

Juan de Ponce

Spanish conquistador explored Florida and established St. Augustine

Vasco Nunez de Balboa

Spanish conquistador who crossed Ithmus of Panama to see Pacific

Hernan Cortez

Spanish conquistador who toppled the Aztecs

Moctezuma

ruler of the Aztecs who was taken captive and killed by Cortez

Francisco Pizarro

Spanish conquistador who toppled the Incas

When did the Aztecs fall?

1521

When did the Incas fall?

1535

Atahualpa

ruler of the Incans killed by Pizzaro

Why were the conquistadors able to conquer so easily?

disease which killed tons and caused instability

Columbian Exchange

sharing of plants, animals, diseases, human populations, technology, and ideas between the Western and Eastern hemispheres as a direct result of Columbus’ arrival to the Americas in 1492

How did the Columbian Exchange affect Europe?

better crops and lots of gold and silver which causes the decline of feudalism and the rise of capitalism

How does the Columbian Exchange affect the Americas?

disease decimates population, most new animals demolish crops, horses help some tribes

True or False: Slavery existed in Africa before the Europeans

True, but slavery wasn’t as brutal and wasn’t based on skin color

Why were Africans brought to the Americas?

to be used as slaves due to dying native population

Encomienda system

system rewarding conquerers with portion of land and natives living there to be used for labor, etc. providing a cheap labor supply

What were the issues with the Encomienda system?

native dying of disease and escaping due to better knowledge of the land

Bartholome de Las Casas

Spanish priest who says that if Spain continues hurting the natives then the natives would be lost to God, proposes to replace natives with Africans

What is the Spanish caste system order in the Americas?

1. peninsulares

2. criollos

3. mestizos

4. mulattos

5. africans

6. native americans

Hegemony

domination of one nation by another nation

What caused Spain’s downfall?

silver inflation, wasting resources on religious warss

Who rose amidst Spain’s fall?

English

Pueblo Revolt

priests try to force natives into only worshipping Christ, causes revolt as natives see Spanish as cause of their problems, Spanish driven out but return

What was the first English settlement in Americas?

Jamestown (1606)

How was the Indian War of 1622 started?

an influx of migrants from the tobacco trade leads Opechanough to think the English are trying to conquer

What are the effects of the Indian War of 1622?

James I makes Virginia a royal colony, House of Burgess created

House of Burgess

locally elected representatives for the royal colony of Virginia

What was the second English settlement in the Americas?

Plymouth (1620)

Pilgrims

religious separatists, Puritians who left Church of England

Puritians

Protestants who did not separate from the Church of England but hoped to purify it

What is the first Puritian colony started as a result of the Puritian Exodus?

Massachussetts Bay Colony

What was the goal for the MA Bay Colony?

reformed Christian society

joint-stock company

commerical agreement that allows investors to pool resources to fund an enterprise

Roger Williams

disagreed with MA Bay by advocating for separation of church and state, banished, creates Providence settlement

Anne Hutchinson

disagreed with MA by saying faith over works, banished to Rhode Island

Puritian-Pequot War

war between Puritians and Pequot's (Dutch ally) from 1636 to 1637, Puritians decimate natives lands

Metacom’s War

Metacom believes natives and English can’t coexist, forge alliance with other tribes, and attack English (English win)

How/Why does Metacom’s War end?

Indians run out of gunpowder, Metacom is killed

What caused the Bacon Rebellion?

small and powerful elite, anger over falling tobacco prices, political corruption, and taxation, disagreement over Indians

How does Bacon’s Rebellion start?

Bacon kicked off of council, gathers neighbors and attacks Indians, burns Jamestown, and plunders plantations

What are the effects of Bacon’s Rebellion?

forces Virginia to consider poor class

Magellan

Portugese sailor who is the first to circumnavigate the world

Pedro Alvares Cabral

Portugese sailor who found Brazil

What type of colony was Brazil?

plantation colony

What are the 3 types of colonies?

tributary, plantations, neo-European

What were the two major cash crops of the Americas?

tobacco and sugar

Indentured servitude

labor contract where man works to pay debt or loan for a set amount of time

Jacques Cartier

French explorer who went up St. Lawrence River and claimed Eastern Canada (1530s)

Samuel de Chaplain

French explorer who claims Quebec (1608), “Father of New France”

What was the main source of commerce for New France?

fur trade with Indians

Henry Hudson

Englishman sailing for the Dutch, claimed Hudson River (becomes NY)

How did New Netherlands fall?

surrounding Indians, lack of people in the colony

How did the Iroquois rise?

capitalized on location in-between the French and the Dutch and allied with the Dutch

What defined the early years of interaction between the natives and the Europeans?

misunderstandings