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3 main native American empires
Aztecs, Mayas, Incas
Where were the Aztecs located?
central America (Mexico)
Where were the Mayan located?
Yucatan peninsula
Where were the Incans located?
Andes Mountains
What caused the success of the 3 main empires and the settlement of other tribes?
agriculture through the 3 sisters: corn, beans, squash
What are the main nomadic tribes inhabiting the great plains?
Comanche and Sioux
Which animal introduced altered the nomadic Indians lifestyle?
horses
What is the main native tribe in the southwest?
pueblo
What are the main native tribes in the eastern woodlands?
Iroquois, Algonquian
How did the tribes in the eastern woodlands live?
mixed agricultural and hunter-gatherer lifestyle, development of permanent villages
Iroquois Confederacy
5 nations banded together after cycle of wars, League of Peace
How did the tribes in the Pacific NW live?
heavy use of fishing, hunter-gatherers, settled communities along coast
What is the main tribe in the Mississippi Valley?
Cahokia
What are Cahokia known for?
moundbuilding, chieftains, corn
What are the reasons for European exploration?
population increase, political unification, desire for Asian luxury goods, evangelism, new tech
Why did people move to the Americas?
escape from feudalism, religious freedom, wealth, status
How did the crusades effect trade?
connected Europe to Asia and familiarized Europeans with foreign goods
Who dominated the trade networks to Asia?
Italy and Arabs (through Mediterean)
Who starts the age of exploration?
Portugal
Prince Henry the Navigator
Portugese sailor who uses Atlantic Ocean to sail around Africa to get to Asia
Why did Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand finance Columbus?
saw trade and commerce as a key to prosperity
What major historical event united Spain?
Reconquista
Christopher Columbus
ambitious mariner from Genoa who thinks he can reach Asia by sailing West
When does Columbus set sail?
1492
Where does Columbus land?
West Indies
What does Columbus’ discovery do?
unleash wave of new explorers
Juan de Ponce
Spanish conquistador explored Florida and established St. Augustine
Vasco Nunez de Balboa
Spanish conquistador who crossed Ithmus of Panama to see Pacific
Hernan Cortez
Spanish conquistador who toppled the Aztecs
Moctezuma
ruler of the Aztecs who was taken captive and killed by Cortez
Francisco Pizarro
Spanish conquistador who toppled the Incas
When did the Aztecs fall?
1521
When did the Incas fall?
1535
Atahualpa
ruler of the Incans killed by Pizzaro
Why were the conquistadors able to conquer so easily?
disease which killed tons and caused instability
Columbian Exchange
sharing of plants, animals, diseases, human populations, technology, and ideas between the Western and Eastern hemispheres as a direct result of Columbus’ arrival to the Americas in 1492
How did the Columbian Exchange affect Europe?
better crops and lots of gold and silver which causes the decline of feudalism and the rise of capitalism
How does the Columbian Exchange affect the Americas?
disease decimates population, most new animals demolish crops, horses help some tribes
True or False: Slavery existed in Africa before the Europeans
True, but slavery wasn’t as brutal and wasn’t based on skin color
Why were Africans brought to the Americas?
to be used as slaves due to dying native population
Encomienda system
system rewarding conquerers with portion of land and natives living there to be used for labor, etc. providing a cheap labor supply
What were the issues with the Encomienda system?
native dying of disease and escaping due to better knowledge of the land
Bartholome de Las Casas
Spanish priest who says that if Spain continues hurting the natives then the natives would be lost to God, proposes to replace natives with Africans
What is the Spanish caste system order in the Americas?
peninsulares
criollos
mestizos
mulattos
africans
native americans
Hegemony
domination of one nation by another nation
What caused Spain’s downfall?
silver inflation, wasting resources on religious warss
Who rose amidst Spain’s fall?
English
Pueblo Revolt
priests try to force natives into only worshipping Christ, causes revolt as natives see Spanish as cause of their problems, Spanish driven out but return
What was the first English settlement in Americas?
Jamestown (1606)
How was the Indian War of 1622 started?
an influx of migrants from the tobacco trade leads Opechanough to think the English are trying to conquer
What are the effects of the Indian War of 1622?
James I makes Virginia a royal colony, House of Burgess created
House of Burgess
locally elected representatives for the royal colony of Virginia
What was the second English settlement in the Americas?
Plymouth (1620)
Pilgrims
religious separatists, Puritians who left Church of England
Puritians
Protestants who did not separate from the Church of England but hoped to purify it
What is the first Puritian colony started as a result of the Puritian Exodus?
Massachussetts Bay Colony
What was the goal for the MA Bay Colony?
reformed Christian society
joint-stock company
commerical agreement that allows investors to pool resources to fund an enterprise
Roger Williams
disagreed with MA Bay by advocating for separation of church and state, banished, creates Providence settlement
Anne Hutchinson
disagreed with MA by saying faith over works, banished to Rhode Island
Puritian-Pequot War
war between Puritians and Pequot's (Dutch ally) from 1636 to 1637, Puritians decimate natives lands
Metacom’s War
Metacom believes natives and English can’t coexist, forge alliance with other tribes, and attack English (English win)
How/Why does Metacom’s War end?
Indians run out of gunpowder, Metacom is killed
What caused the Bacon Rebellion?
small and powerful elite, anger over falling tobacco prices, political corruption, and taxation, disagreement over Indians
How does Bacon’s Rebellion start?
Bacon kicked off of council, gathers neighbors and attacks Indians, burns Jamestown, and plunders plantations
What are the effects of Bacon’s Rebellion?
forces Virginia to consider poor class
Magellan
Portugese sailor who is the first to circumnavigate the world
Pedro Alvares Cabral
Portugese sailor who found Brazil
What type of colony was Brazil?
plantation colony
What are the 3 types of colonies?
tributary, plantations, neo-European
What were the two major cash crops of the Americas?
tobacco and sugar
Indentured servitude
labor contract where man works to pay debt or loan for a set amount of time
Jacques Cartier
French explorer who went up St. Lawrence River and claimed Eastern Canada (1530s)
Samuel de Chaplain
French explorer who claims Quebec (1608), “Father of New France”
What was the main source of commerce for New France?
fur trade with Indians
Henry Hudson
Englishman sailing for the Dutch, claimed Hudson River (becomes NY)
How did New Netherlands fall?
surrounding Indians, lack of people in the colony
How did the Iroquois rise?
capitalized on location in-between the French and the Dutch and allied with the Dutch
What defined the early years of interaction between the natives and the Europeans?
misunderstandings