euro 378-381

Monarchs in western Europe

Extended political authority during the Renaissance.

Rulers in eastern Europe

Characterized by overall weakness compared to western counterparts.

The Hundred Years' War

Conflict that destroyed France, impacting the growth of the French monarchy.

King Louis XI (the Spider)

Advanced the French territorial state post-Hundred Years' War.

War of the Roses

Civil war in England between the ducal houses of Lancaster and York.

Henry VII

Defeated Richard III to establish the Tudor Dynasty in England.

Court of Star Chamber

Established by Henry VII; a court that did not use juries and allowed torture.

Marriage of Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon

Major step towards unifying Spain and controlling the Catholic Church.

Conquest of Granada (1492)

Marked the end of Muslim rule in Spain.

Cardinal Ximenes

Isabella’s chief minister who restored discipline among clergy.

Persecution of Jews in Spain

Forced conversion and expulsion of 150,000-200,000 Jews.

Habsburgs dynasty

Held weak monarchical authority in the Holy Roman Empire.

Habsburg power

Grew but the Holy Roman Empire remained politically fragmented.

Sejm in Poland

Control mechanism that reduced peasantry to serfdom and allowed electing a king.

King Matthias Corvinus

Created a well-organized bureaucracy in Hungary.

Ivan III

Strengthened Moscow/Russia during his rule.

Ottomans conquer Constantinople (1453)

Event that ended the Byzantine Empire.

Council of Constance

Helped end the Great Schism in 1417.

John Hus

Advocated for the elimination of corruption in the Catholic Church; executed in 1415.

Sacrosancta

Declared that a general council of the church received its authority from God.

Pope Julius II

Pope known for involvement in war and politics.

Nepotism in the Renaissance Papacy

Practice where popes favored relatives in ecclesiastical positions.

Stronger monarchies in Western Europe

France (Louis XI), England (Henry VII), and Spain (Ferdinand & Isabella).

Weaker monarchies in Eastern Europe

Poland (powerful nobles/Sejm), Hungary (brief strength), Russia (strengthened by Ivan III).