APUSH Period 4

Second Great Awakening

A religious revival in the early 19th century emphasizing individual salvation, emotional preaching, personal piety, and moral reform.

Charles Grandison Finney

A prominent preacher and evangelist associated with the Second Great Awakening.

Lyman Beecher

An advocate for moral reform and temperance during the Second Great Awakening.

Revolution of 1800

The election of 1800, marked by the peaceful transfer of power from one political party to another, specifically from the Federalists to the Democratic-Republicans.

Marbury v. Madison

The 1803 Supreme Court case that established the principle of judicial review.

Judicial Review

The authority of the Supreme Court to review and invalidate laws passed by Congress deemed unconstitutional.

Louisiana Purchase

The 1803 acquisition of territory from France, doubling the size of the U.S. and giving control of the Mississippi River and New Orleans.

Embargo Act of 1807

A law that enacted a general embargo on foreign nations in response to British impressment of American ships, which ultimately hurt the U.S. economy.

Fulton's Steamboat

The first steamship, 'Clermont,' invented by Robert Fulton, which revolutionized travel and transport on rivers.

Cumberland Road

The first federally funded road in the U.S., started in Maryland and ending in Illinois.

War of 1812

A conflict between the United States and Britain, largely caused by British impressment of American sailors.

Hartford Convention

A meeting of Federalists during the War of 1812 to discuss grievances and proposed amendments, ultimately leading to the decline of the Federalist party.

Era of Good Feelings

A period after the War of 1812 marked by national unity and a surge in manufacturing capabilities in the U.S.

American System

Henry Clay's national economic plan that included high tariffs, a national bank, and federal support for transportation projects.

Market Revolution

A period of widespread mechanization of industry and improvements in transportation and communication during the early 19th century.

Missouri Compromise

An 1820 agreement to maintain the balance of slave and free states by allowing Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state, with a boundary line.

Monroe Doctrine

An 1823 policy warning European powers against interference in the Western Hemisphere.

Stephen Austin

The American granted land in Texas who facilitated the settlement of American families in Mexican Texas.

Corrupt Bargain

The alleged political deal between Adams and Clay in the election of 1824, where Adams won the presidency and appointed Clay as his Secretary of State.

Erie Canal

Completed in 1825, it connected the Hudson River to Lake Erie, reducing the cost of transporting goods.

Spoils System

The practice initiated by President Andrew Jackson of appointing loyal supporters to government positions.

Tariff of Abominations

A protective tariff passed in 1828 that raised tensions between the North and South, leading to the Nullification Crisis.

Indian Removal Act

An 1830 law that authorized the forced removal of Native American tribes to lands west of the Mississippi.

Trail of Tears

The forced relocation of Cherokee Indians in 1838, resulting in significant suffering and loss of life.

Transcendentalism

A 1830s philosophical movement emphasizing individualism and the intrinsic goodness of people and nature.

Liberator Newspaper

An anti-slavery newspaper founded by William Lloyd Garrison in 1831, advocating for immediate emancipation.

Election of 1840

A campaign characterized by mass rallies, the removal of property requirements for voting, and the rise of mass democracy.

Lone Star Rebellion

A conflict leading to Texas independence from Mexico, culminating in the establishment of the Lone Star Republic.

Calhoun's “Positive Good”

A justification of slavery by John C. Calhoun, claiming it benefitted slaves and owners alike.

Tyler Presidency

The presidency of John Tyler, who faced conflict within the Whig party and oversaw the annexation of Texas.

Nativism

A political response to the immigration influx of the 1840s, characterized by a reaction against immigrants, notably led by the Know Nothing Party.